SQL Script.It! Manage Your SQL Scripts • Manage multiple projects • Easy Object Import • Version Scripts • User Friendly • Immediately view scripts with a single click. • Display object dependencies. • Whole text search • Compare your project to your database and identify missing objects. SQL Script.It! Interface Deploy Updated SQL Scripts with your Application • Publish scripts to a secure, encrypted database for easy distribution. • Easy command line call from within your application Document Your SQL Database • Document your database by adding Extended Properties via our Extended Properties Manager • Extended Properties are updated on your client’s database • Report Utility included Extended Properties Manager Documentation Report Sample. Manage and Execute SQL Scripts for SQL Server 2008 / 2012 with SQLscriptIT!®. Includes User Defined Placeholder substitution & SQL Tool!™ for rapid SQL issue diagnostics. A SQL script is a set of SQL commands saved as a file in SQL Scripts. A SQL script can contain one or more SQL statements or PL/SQL blocks. You can use SQL Scripts to. How do you manage your SQL scripts? • Copy them into a folder? • Store them in a database for later retrieval? There is a better way! SQL Script.It! Is designed to allow you to store, manage, and deploy your MS SQL scripts. Features include: • Import Tables, Views, Stored Procedures, Functions, and Triggers • Format scripts • Compare scripts side-by-side • Keep different versions of the same script • Verify your scripts • Publish your scripts securely to a single file for easy deployment to your customers or enterprise. • In Object Explorer, expand Databases, right-click a database, point to Tasks, and then click Generate Scripts. Follow the steps in the wizard to script the database objects. • On the Choose Objects page, select the objects to be included in the script. For more information, see. • On the Set Scripting Options page, select Save scripts to a specific location. • To specify advanced scripting options, select the Advanced button in the Save scripts to a specific location section. • Select the location for the generated script: to a file, a Database Engine Query Editor window, or the Clipboard. For more information, see. • On the Summary page, review your selections. Click Previous to change your selections. Click Next to generate a script of the objects you selected. For more information, see. • On the Save or Publish Scripts page, monitor the progress of the script generation. For more information, see. • In Object Explorer, connect to an instance of the SQL Server Database Engine and then expand that instance. • Expand Databases, and then expand the category of the object. For example, expand the Tables or Views node. • Right-click the object, point to Script as, For example, point to Script Table as. • Point to the script type, such as Create to or Alter to. • Select the location to save the script, such as New Query Editor Window or Clipboard. Sometimes you may want a script with multiple options, such as drop a procedure and then create a procedure, or create a table and then alter a table. The following process also works if you need to create a script that references different types of objects, such as tables, views, and stored procedures. To generate a script of two objects using Object Explorer. • In Object Explorer, navigate to the first object you want to script. • Right-click the object, point to Script as, and in the Save as selections chooses New Query Editor Window as the output destination. • Navigate to the second object you want to script. • Right-click the object, point to Script as, and in the Save as selections chooses Clipboard as the output destination. • In the Query Editor window opened for the first object, paste the script for the second object from the clipboard. You can use the Object Explorer Details pane to generate a script for mutliple objects of the same category. To generate a script of two objects using Object Explorer Details.
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• • Yes, Excel already has a variety of tools that make analyzing, sorting, and compiling data easy. But there are add-ins that perform different functions that will help improve your effectiveness and reduce the time spent on your excel worksheet. Below are top 11 Excel add-ins you need to incorporate into your Excel sheet for more efficiency. Power View With the new power view 2013 add-in, you will be able to analyze a large amount of data imported from external data sources. This add-in is very important for businesses or organizations that analyze large amount of data. It has been integrated in Excel and now accessible to anyone. To use this feature, right-click on your data and select insert power view in the option provided. The power view should be able to install automatically. It shall then be included in your workbook. The power view tab is also located on the ribbon toolbar, which shows format options such as view options, text, and theme formats. Name Manager As the name implies, it is an excellent tool that is useful when managing names and contacts in Excel, especially when dealing with a very long list. The name manager helps you create consecutive name ranges, create maps on worksheets, and delete old or redundant names. Gauge The gauge is an excellent tool that spices up your Excel presentation by including a pressure gauge which can represent values as “too low” or “too high” 4. Bubbles This add-in enables you select data and display it in the spreadsheet chart as bubbles. Add Random Numbers. Click any number in the list in column B. To sort in descending order, on the Data tab, in the Sort & Filter group, click ZA. Sort in Descending Order. A random list in column A (sorted on the random numbers above). Random List in Excel. Note: random numbers change every time a cell on. How to Create a Curve in Excel. You will learn to research and locate a curve of interest, then set up the data for graphing (charting) it in Microsoft Excel in the. Random Sorter for Microsoft Excel free download. Get the latest version now. Shuffle cells, rows or columns; randomly select a number or percentage of data. This sounds weird right? This makes it easy to identify data with large values or those with small values. It also helps you compare two sets of data in a neat visual manner. The color and size of each of the bubbles depends on the value of the given data. Excel Utilities This unique add-in provides more than 30 features, helping you have a smooth Excel experience. With its selection tools and shortcuts, you will be able to use functions such as data validation and conditional formatting. Kutools: With Kutools, you have more than 80 different tools at your disposal. This helps you improve efficiency while working on your spreadsheet. Its features include toggle settings (shows or hides scroll bars, grid lines, built-in menus etc), one-click deleting tools (helps you delete charts, auto shapes, lines, pictures etc), text tools (positioning, character spacing and manipulating texts), and navigation pane (which lists all columns, worksheets, and workbooks in a more user-friendly manner). ASAP Utilities This gives you a variety of functionalities as you will be able to auto-name sheets, export worksheets from separate files, sort the sheet tabs by color or name, apply formulas to selected cells, delete cells in your selection, and use advanced sorting to sort the cells. ASAP Utilities helps you manage cells timely and more efficiently. You also have different language options when installing the program. Recommended Charts Recommended charts help you simplify choices when working on your spreadsheet. It shows only a fraction of charts that are relevant to the selected data. This is very useful for new users because it will enable them explain data to the viewers without confusing them. To make use of this tool, click on the data, go to the insert lab, and click on recommended charts. This will bring out a dialogue box that shows you how your data will look when you plot the chart. Pick the appropriate option and your chart is automatically created. Random Sorter If you want to get a different perspective on your data, then the random data is the ideal tool to include in your Excel toolkit. You will be able to shuffle cells in columns and rows and get a random selection of data. MTools These are timesaving tools that improve the efficiency of Excel. With MTools, you have more than 130 features, which include changing cell references, VBE tools, data analysis, warnings and alerts, compare spreadsheets, defined name manager, link manager, encryption, and password recover. Amazingly, the tool is available on a free trial. Extools This will create its own custom tab on Your Excel toolbar. It is created by VBA and has a complete spreadsheet converter. With simple clicks, you will able to select the tools you need without having to navigate around Excel options. In I have described the technique of using random numbers generated by RAND() to sort a list of items. The technique had one disadvantage though, every time you need to reshuffle the list you have to press F9 to recalculate the rand() and then go to menu > data > sort and sort the data again based on the new random numbers. Here is a better technique that needs one key stroke to reshuffle the list of items (sorting the list in random order every time you press the key F9): • Insert 2 columns to the left of the list of items you want to shuffle • In the first column fill a series of numbers starting with 1 • In the next column fill RAND() formula • Now, next to the list of items you want to sort in random order, we will use both VLOOKUP() and SMALL() excel formulas to fetch items in random order. See the formula below: The is used to sort a list of numbers and fetch nth smallest number in a given list. • When you want to reshuffle the order, just hit F9 More sorting. We can use Microsoft Excel's Rand function and Sort command to sort cells in a selection at random with following steps: Step 1: Insert a column before Column A. Step 2: Add random numbers from A1 to A6 in the new Column A. Enter =RAND( ) in cell A1 and copy down to other cells. The Rand function will recalculate every time, so you will get different random numbers from cell A1 to A6. See screenshot: Step 3: Select this new table (A1:E6), and sort its cells by column A with clicking Data > Sort. And you will get a new order similar with following screenshot. Step 4: Hide the Column A. Step 5: Insert columns before Column C, Column D, and Column E, and repeat Step 2 to Step 4. Finally you will get a new table with random order, see screenshot: Notes: 1. This method requires users to repeatedly insert random numbers and sort. It will be boring if you need to sort cells in a big selection at random. This method will only sort cells in each column at random, and it won't shuffle cells from different columns. Sort cells in each column or row of a range at random with Kutools for Excel If you have installed, you can sort cells in a selection at random conveniently and quickly. Kutools for Excel's Sort Range Randomly tool can randomize cells in each column from a selection immediately.: with more than 120 handy Excel add-ins, free to try with no limitation in 30 days. Please apply this utility by clicking Kutools > Range Converter > Sort Range Randomly. See screenshot: Step 1. Select the range you want to sort randomly and click Kutools > Range Converter > Sort Range Randomly, a dialog will be displayed in the screen. Select Cells in each column under the Sort option. See screenshot: Step 3. Click Ok or Apply, you will see the result as shown as below: If you want to sort cells in each row randomly, please select Cells in each row under Sort option in the step 2. Sort entire rows or columns of a range at random with Kutools for Excel Kutools for Excel's Sort Range Randomly function also can sort entire rows or columns from a selection at random. Select a range which you want to sort, and click Kutools > Range Converter > Sort Range Randomly, see screenshot: Step 2. Select Entire rows under the Sort option in the pop-up dialog. See screenshot: Step 3. Click Ok or Apply, you will see the result as shown as below: If you want to sort entire columns randomly, please select Entire columns in Sort option. Sort all cells in a range at random with Kutools for Excel If you want to sort all cells randomly from a selection, applying Kutools for Excel's Sort Range Randomly will be a good choice. Select a range which you want to sort, and click Kutools > Range Converter > Sort Range Randomly, see screenshot: Step 2. Select All cells in the range under the Sort option in the pop-up dialog. See screenshot: Step 3. Click Ok or Apply, you will see the result as shown as below: For more information about Kutools for Excel's Sort Range Randomly, please go to Related Articles • • • Recommended Productivity Tools Bring handy tabs to Excel and other Office software, just like Chrome, Firefox and new Internet Explorer. Increase your productivity in 5 minutes. Don't need any special skills, save two hours every day! 200 New Features for Excel, Make Excel Much Easy and Powerful: • Merge Cell/Rows/Columns without Losing Data. • Combine and Consolidate Multiple Sheets and Workbooks. • Compare Ranges, Copy Multiple Ranges, Convert Text to Date, Unit and Currency Conversion. • Count by Colors, Paging Subtotals, Advanced Sort and Super Filter, • More Select/Insert/Delete/Text/Format/Link/Comment/Workbooks/Worksheets Tools. What is an Artist? What is an Artist? 'If you're an artist, you've got to prove it.' --Laurence Olivier Obviously, an artist is someone who creates art, just a baker is someone who makes bread, and a plumber is someone who installs and repairs plumbing. These are simply trades and professions; that is, means by which different people make their livings. Unlike plumbing or baking however, the difficulty lies in defining 'art.' Art is pretty much whatever anybody says it is, and an artist is similarly anybody who says he is one. This leaves any definition of 'artist' and 'art' so vague as to be meaningless. Does the act of creation, be it ever so humble or idiosyncratic, suffice to allow one to lift the laurel of 'artist' to his brow? Anybody can call himself anything, but the test is whether or not you actually are qualified. A plumber would not dare to call himself a plumber unless he were qualified in the opinion of others to do plumbing, and had experience and credentials to prove it, and actually got paid good money for his work. The same is true of an automobile mechanic, elementary school teacher or newspaper reporter. You can't just call yourself a college professor or medical doctor and expect anyone to take you seriously. You need to have something to back it up. The term 'artist,' unlike 'electrician,' or 'dog trainer,' neither conveys qualification, nor is it specific enough to shed much light on what a person may actually do. There are classes of activities that often fall under the term 'art,' such as the lively arts, the performing arts, and the like; thus a dancer could reasonably be called an artist within the context of dance. But if you were to ask a dancer what she does, and she were to reply, 'I am an artist,' you would not be much the wiser concerning her activities. It would be far more illuminating for her to say, 'I am a classical ballerina,' or 'I am a choreographer.' A person may be exceptionally good at something, so much so that he may be called 'a culinary artist,' or 'a musical artist,' or 'a con artist.' 'The Artist' brings back the memories of silent movie era to the millennium era which is a different approach and the critics definitely love it. Comedy A silent movie star meets a young dancer, but the arrival of talking pictures sends their careers in opposite directions. Artist definition, a person who produces works in any of the arts that are primarily subject to aesthetic criteria. This implies that he transcends the ordinary, and does something creative in his trade, so much so that by the standards of cooks, or con men, he is an 'artist.' But it would be misleading for that person to say, 'I am an artist,' when asked what he does for a living. Far better to say 'I am a cook,' and leave it to others to call you an artist. My brother is a professional musician. He calls himself a jazz musician, and more specifically, he plays the bass. He is good at it, and this is how he makes his living. Whether or not he is an artist does not seem to concern him much. What does concern him is getting work in his chosen profession, and getting paid for it. I find it useful, when asked what I do for a living, to say that I am a printer and graphic designer, and leave it up to the questioner to decide whether or not I qualify as an artist. When I started in my trade, graphic designers were called 'commercial artists,' as distinct from the more revered class of 'fine artists.' This title seemed crass and meretricious, and in the late 1960s the trade began referring to itself as 'graphic artists,' which did not, in fact, change what it did, nor that it worked in exchange for money, nor that the client dictated what was to be done and how it was to be done and for how much. Around ten years later, 'graphic artists' began calling themselves 'graphic designers,' perhaps to avoid the confusion between themselves and fine artists altogether. 'Skill without imagination is craftsmanship and gives us many useful objects such as wickerwork picnic baskets. Imagination without skill gives us modern art.' --Tom Stoppard Part of the problem lies in the area of fine art itself. People respect skill and technique, the more so in areas that they do not fully understand. A painstaking model of a three-masted sailing vessel, perfect in every detail, is something that anyone can appreciate. The person who made the model not only understood ships and rigging, but was exceptionally skilled at careful, detailed woodwork. Whether or not this model ship exemplifies a great creative glorification of mankind's aesthetic strivings, it is still a well made thing. People to some extent evaluate any manifestation of art in these terms: 'Gee! I could never do that!' A sculpture by Michaelangelo is obviously the product of great skill and imagination. A painting by Giotto, or Rembrandt; an engraving by Durer; a composition by Beethoven, Mozart or Bach; all these recommend themselves to even the ignorant audience as at least highly skilled technical undertakings. Not so, unfortunately, with the paintings of Jackson Pollock. Not so with the average Master of Fine Arts exhibition at a university museum. Not so, indeed, with much of the fine or academic artistic offerings of the last century and this. At the common level, many if not most of these exhibitions are greeted by the general public in these terms: 'A child of six could do it!' This modern work may be creative in every sense. It may be that it is a great expression of the human condition. But, to the general observer, it looks like anybody with a little paint and a lot of chutzpah could have done the same. What has happened is that the 'art' part of art--that is the apparent skill and technique resulting from talent and training--has been replaced by the conceptual part. So much so, that the conceptual part has eclipsed and replaced the execution. 'I have nothing to say / and I am saying it / and that is poetry / as I needed it' --John Cage I have no quarrel with John Cage's renowned conceptual composition 4'33', which is played at the piano and is divided into three movements. All of the notes are silent. The composition takes its name from the fact that it requires four minutes and thirty-three seconds to perform. I will admit that John Cage had nothing to say, and said it very well. 'The more minimal the art, the more maximum the explanation.' --Hilton Kramer I have less patience with the numerous paintings which are all in white, portraying nothing. I am particularly displeased with such vapidity when they are titled 'untitled,' thus emphasizing their nothingness. Some of these paintings have more texture than others, but all of them display the same level of skill and competence in execution: none. All of these nameless paintings--at least all that I have seen--are accompanied with lengthy expositions on why they are valid and interesting, flying directly in the face of the observed fact that they are neither valid, nor interesting. I am afraid that I do not understand, and am not interested in, Robert Rauschenberg's Erased de Kooning Drawing: an art work that takes the work of another artist and erases it, and then displays the erased drawing as a work of art in itself. This may be a deep and penetrating commentary on the intellectual climate in which these artists find themselves imprisoned, but personally, I don't get it. 'The history of modern art is also the history of the progressive loss of art's audience. Art has increasingly become the concern of the artist and the bafflement of the public.' --Henry Geldzhaler Rauschenberg's, and similar, extreme expressions of conceptual art leave me cold, and near as I can tell, also do not interest many, many millions of others. When I see, presented in the name of art, a pile of rocks; or wads of crumpled newspaper encased in chicken wire and spray painted gold; or a load of garden dirt emptied out onto a polished floor, my reaction is simple: if this is art, I don't want to have anything to do with it. I don't want to be called an artist or be associated with this gaggle of over-educated, incompetent, tiresome men and women who have nothing to say and, worse yet, say it very badly. 'It reflects no great honor on a painter to be able to execute only one thing well -- such as a head, an academy figure, or draperies, animals, landscapes, or the like -- in other words, confining himself to some particular object of study. This is so because there is scarcely a person so devoid of genius as to fail of success if he applies himself earnestly to one branch of study and practices it continually.' --Leonardo da Vinci I am a competent technician. I give value for value. I am an honest workman, and I do not want people to think that I am a con-man, running a scam, cheating the king out of his money under the pretense of making for him a suit of clothes that only the virtuous can perceive. Therefore I do not call myself an artist. I create flat, representational objects---books, illustrations, posters, stained glass windows, greeting cards, wedding invitations, wine labels--in return for money. I'm glad that people like what I do, because that means that I can go on doing it. I like what I do, and consider it a privilege to be able to make my living doing it. But, I am not, at least in twenty-first century terms, an artist. I'll leave that to those who have no idea at all of what they do, or who they are, or where they are going, and must, for want of any other word, call themselves artists. 'If something is boring after two minutes, try it for four. If still boring, then eight. Then sixteen. Then thirty-two. Eventually one discovers that it is not boring at all.' Sorry, I don't have the time. David Lance Goines, July 31, 20032 What is an Artist? This Article. The shareware concept is that you try the software before you buy. Please feel free to download a fully functional copy of CurveExpert Professional, GraphExpert. Jan 10, 2011 Core concepts for using CurveExpert Professional. This feature is not available right now. Please try again later. Your toughest technical questions will likely get answered within 48 hours on ResearchGate, the professional network for scientists. Or, you can uninstall CurveExpert Professional from your computer by using the Add/Remove Program feature in the Window's Control Panel. • On the Start menu (for Windows 8, right-click the screen's bottom-left corner), click Control Panel, and then, under Programs, do one of the following: • Windows Vista/7/8: Click Uninstall a Program. • Windows XP: Click Add or Remove Programs. • When you find the program CurveExpert Professional, click it, and then do one of the following: • Windows Vista/7/8: Click Uninstall. • Windows XP: Click the Remove or Change/Remove tab (to the right of the program). • Follow the prompts. A progress bar shows you how long it will take to remove CurveExpert Professional. CurveExpert Professional is an application especially designed to offer you a means of processing and analyzing data. The application displays a comprehensive interface which makes it easy to insert the data to be analyzed, process it and then generate the graphs and reports you need. CurveExpert Professional offers you the use of over 90 models that you can use in the analysis of your data, meaning that nearly all possible scenarios are covered. CurveExpert Professional offers a large number of features created to make data analysis as accurate and efficient as possible. In this sense, the application is capable of disregarding non-data from your files while arranging and labeling the correct information. To generate the graphs you need, the application enables you to use a considerable number of calculations. You can run a ‘Linear Fit’, ‘Nonlinear Model Fit’, ‘Cubic Spline’, ‘Polynomial Spline’, ‘Moving Average’ and Lowess Smoothing’. If those aren’t enough for what you need, you are also able to select and use other functions from categories such as Bessel, Hyperbolic, Legendre, Logarithmic, Special and Trigonometric. CurveExpert Professional separates its main window into different sections that allow you to visualize and edit your input data, preview the results in a simple graph form or view them in great detail. You also get a message window that you can use as a log to see the running functions and possible errors that occur. It goes without saying that you can build custom models using the available library of mathematical functions and generate the results using your own parameters and as long as it’s expressed as a Python function, then the complexity of your project can be unique. In closing, CurveExpert Professional offers you immense capabilities in data analysis and processing by providing a wide array of functions that can be customized to a great extent. New in CurveExpert Professional 2.6.0: • CurveExpert Professional has been updated today, which is a free upgrade for all existing customers. Adds the following features and fixes a couple of outstanding problems. • NEW: Five new Yield-Density models added (thanks Charles Tomkins for the model list), and previous Yield Density models have been moved to the Yield-Spacing family. • NEW: changed the strategy for the 'Top Results' plot. It now always displays only the top results (the number of which is configurable in the application preferences). Previously, the plot would always add the top results from any new calculations the user might perform, which was confusing. • NEW: When right clicking a result, there is a new menu option 'Add to New Plot' when appropriate. This creates a new plot and sends the result(s) there in one step. When a plot is created in this way, the title of the plot is that of the first result sent to it (for example, 'Modified Exponential'). The 'Add to Plot' option in the menu has been renamed to 'Add to Current Plot' also. More CurveExpert Professional images. CurveExpert Professional is a cross-platform solution for curve fitting and data analysis. Data can be modeled using a toolbox of linear reg. Access to Image at ‘from origin ‘has been blocked by CORS policy: No ‘Access-Control-Allow-Origin’ header is present on the requested resource. Origin ‘is therefore not allowed access. “ is a mechanism that allows restricted resources on a web page to be requested from another domain outside the domain from which the first resource was served.” Back in 2013 to blob storage tools. Fig 1 – Population skyline of New York - Census SF1 P0010001 and Bing Road Map Demographic Terrain My last blog post,, described leveraging new SFCGAL PostGIS 3D functions to display 3D extruded polygons with X3Dom. However, there are other ways to display census demographics with WebGL. WebGL meshes are a good way to handle terrain DEM. In essence the US Census is providing demographic value terrains, so 3D terrain meshes are an intriguing approach to visualization. Is a powerful 3D engine written in javascript for rendering WebGL scenes. In order to use Babylon.js, US Census SF1 data needs to be added as WebGL 3D mesh objects. Babylon.js offers a low effort tool for generating these meshes from grayscale height map images:. Modifying the Census WMS service to produce grayscale images at the highest SF1 polygon resolution i.e. Tabblock, is the easiest approach to generating these meshes. I added an additional custom request to my WMS service, “request=GetHeightMap,” which returns a PixelFormat.Format32bppPArgb bitmap with demographic values coded as grayscale. This is equivalent to a 255 range classifier for population values. Example GetHeightMap request: &FORMAT=image/png&BGCOLOR=0xFFFFFF&TRANSPARENT=TRUE&CRS=EPSG:4326 &BBOX=0301827,-193359,-10664062 &WIDTH=1024&HEIGHT=1024. Fig 2 - grayscale heightmap from Census SF1 P001001 at tabblock polygon level for Denver metro area Once a grayscale image is available it can be added to the Babylon scene, as a heightmap. “X3DOM (pronounced X-Freedom) is an open-source framework and runtime for 3D graphics on the Web. It can be freely used for non-commercial and commercial purposes, and is dual-licensed under MIT and GPL license.” If you can see this, your browser doesn’t understand IFRAME. However, we’ll still link you to the file. I’ll admit it’s fun, but novelty may not always be helpful. Adding elevation does show demographic values in finer detail than the coarse classification used by a thematic color range. This experiment did not delve into the bivariate world, but multiple value modelling is possible using color and elevation with perhaps less interpretive misgivings than a bivariate thematic color scheme. However, pondering the visionary, why should analysts be left out of the upcoming immersive world? If,, or are part of our future, analysts will want to wander through population landscapes exploring avenues of millennials and valleys of the aged. My primitive experiments show only a bit of demographic landscape but eventually demographic terrain streams will be layer choices available to web users for exploration. Demographic landscapes like the census are still grounded, tethered to real objects. The towering polygon on the left recapitulates the geophysical apartment highrise, a looming block of 18-22 year olds reflect a military base. But models potentially float away from geophysical grounding. Nov 16, 2017 Free Download TopoFusion Pro 5.48 - View and edit your GPS tracks with this software solution that offers advanced map browsing and support for vari. TopoFusion picks up where other mapping software like Google Earth left off. It offers powerful and easy to use GPS mapping and the best GPS track analysis features. TopoFusion is GPS Mapping software for Windows. Analyze GPS data using topo maps, 3D, color aerial photos and satellite imagery. GPS playback and advanced features for athletes. Facebook networks are less about physical location than network relation. Abstracted models of relationship are also subject to helpful visualization in 3D. Unfortunately we have only a paltry few dimensions to work with, ruling out value landscapes of higher dimensions. ERROR: WebGL version WebGL 0.94 lacks important WebGL/GLSL features needed for shadows, special vertex attribute types, etc.! Var extent = turf.extent(app.territory); In addition making use of PostGIS ST_SimplifyPreserveTopology helps reduce polygon complexity. Xml formats like x3d tend to be verbose and newer lightweight frameworks prefer a json interchange. Json for WebGL is not officially standardized but there are a few resources available. Lighthouse – Three.js – Babylon.js – BABYLON.SceneLoader.ImportMesh Summary PostGIS 2.2 SFCGAL functions offer a new window into data landscapes. X3d/x3dom is an easy way to leverage WebGL in the browser. A future project may look at converting the x3d output of PostGIS into a json mesh. This would enable use of other client libraries like Babylon.js. Fig 1 – Territories from Census Zip Code Tabulation Areas (ZCTAs) on Bing Maps An interesting GIS development over the years has been the evolution from monolithic applications to multiple open source plug and play tools. Considering GIS as a three tier system with back end storage, a controller in the middle, and a UI display out front, more and more of the middle tier is migrating to either end. SQL DBs, such as SQL Server, Oracle Spatial, and especially, now implement a multitude of GIS functions originally considered middle tier domain. On the other end, the good folks at and continue to push atomic GIS functions out to javascript, where they can fit into the client side UI. The middle tier is getting thinner and thinner as time goes on. Generally the middle is what costs money, so rolling your own middle with less work is a good thing. As a desirable side effect, instead of kitchen sink GIS, very specific user tools can be cobbled together as needed. Looking for an excuse to experiment with, I decided to create a Territory Builder utilizing turf.js on the client and some of the US Census Bureau Services on the backend. US Census Bureau does expose. I tend to agree with that.gov should stick to generating data exposed in useful ways. Apps and presentation are fast evolving targets and historically.gov can’t really hope to keep up. Although you can use the census custom for some needs, there are many other occasions when you would like to build something less generic. For example a Territory builder over Bing Maps. Here is the simplified POC work flow. Some potential improvements: 1. Adding an svg id=GeoID would really improve the usefulness of TigerWeb WMS image/svg+xml, possibly eliminating steps 2 and 3 of the workflow. Technically it’s possible to use the TigerWeb REST api to query geojson by area, but practically speaking the results are too detailed for useful performance. A helpful option for TigerWeb REST would be a parameter to request simplified polygons and avoid lengthy vertice transfers. Turf.js is a great tool box, however, occasionally the merge function had trouble with complex polygons from TigerWeb. Fig 1 - MapD Twitter Map 80M tweets Oct 19 - Oct 30 Visualizing large data sets with maps is an ongoing concern these days. Just ask the NSA, or note this federal vehicle tracking initiative reported at the. Or, this for tracking any MAC address wandering. “There was of course no way of knowing whether you were being watched at any given moment. How often, or on what system, the Thought Police plugged in on any individual wire was guesswork. It was even conceivable that they watched everybody all of the time. But at any rate they could plug in your wire whenever they wanted to.” George Orwell, 1984 On a less intrusive note, large data visualization is also of interest to anyone dealing with BI or just fascinated with massive public data sets such as twitter universe. Web maps are the way to go for public distribution and all web apps face the same set of issues when dealing with large data sets. Latency of data storage queries, typically SQL 2. Latency of services for mediating queries and data between the UI and storage. Latency of the internet 4. Latency of client side rendering All web map javascript APIs have these same issues whether it’s Google, MapQuest, Nokia Here, or Bing Maps. This is a Bing Maps centric perspective on large data mapping, because Bing Maps has been the focus of my experience for the last year or two. Web Mapping Limitation is Microsoft’s javascript API for web mapping applications. It offers typical Point (Pushpin), Polyline, and Polygon vector rendering in the client over three tile base map styles, Road, Aerial, and AerialWithLabels. Additional overlay extensions are also available such as. Like all the major web map apis, vector advantages include client side event functions at the shape object level. Although this is a powerful mapping API rendering performance degrades with the number of vector entities in an overlay. Zoom and pan navigation performs smoothly on a typical client up to a couple of thousand points or a few hundred complex polylines and polygons. Beyond these limits other approaches are needed for visualizing geographic data sets. This client side limit is necessarily fuzzy as there is a wide variety of client hardware out there in user land, from older desktops and mobile phones to powerful gaming rigs. Large data Visualization Approaches 1) Tile Pyramid – The Bing Maps Ajax v7 API offers a resource that handles overlays of tile pyramids using a. Data resources are precompiled into sets of small images called a tile pyramid which can then be used in the client map as a slippy tile overlay. This is the same slippy tile approach used for serving base Road, Aerial, and AerialWithLabels maps, similar to all web map brands. Fig 5 - Example of same data at a higher zoom using vector data display 4) Heatmap Heatmaps refer to the use of color gradient or opacity overlays to display data density. The advantage of heat maps is the data reduction in the aggregating algorithm. To determine the color/opacity of a data set at a location the data is first aggregated by either a polygon or a grid cell. The sum of the data in a given grid cell is then applied to the color gradient dot for that cell. If heatmaps are rendered client side they have good performance only up to the latency limits of service side queries, internet bandwidth, and local rendering. Fig 6 - Example of heatmap canvas over Bing Maps rendered client side Grid Pyramids – Server side gridding Hybrid server side gridding offers significant performance advantages when coupled with pre-processed grid cells. One technique of gridding processes a SQL data resource into a quadkey structure. Each grid cell is identified by its unique quadkey and contains the data aggregate at that grid cell. A grid quadkey sort by length identifies all of the grid aggregates at a specific quadtree level. This allows the client to efficiently download the grid data aggregates at each zoom level and render locally on the client in an html5 canvas over the top of a Bing Maps view. Since all grid levels are precompiled, resolution of cells can be adjusted by Zoom Level. Pro: • Efficient display of very large data sets at wide extents • Can be coupled with vector displays at higher zoom levels for event driven objects Con: gridding is pre-processed • real time data cannot be displayed • storage and time limitations apply to queries that have large numbers of permutations. Fig 7 – Grid Pyramid screen shot of UI showing opacity heatmap of Botnet infected computers 5) Thematic Thematic maps use spatial regions such as states or zipcodes to aggregate data into color coded polygons. Data is aggregated for each region and color coded to show value. A hierarchy of polygons allows zoom levels to switch to more detailed regions at closer zooms. An example hierarchy might be Country, State, County, Sales territory, Zipcode, Census Block. Pro: • Large data resources are aggregated into meaningful geographic regions. • Analysis is often easier using color ranges for symbolizing data variation Con: • Rendering client side is limited to a few hundred polygons • Very large data sets require pre-processing data aggregates by region. Fig 8 - thematic map displaying data aggregated over 210 DMA regions using a quantized percentile range 6) Future trends Big Data visualization is an important topic as the web continues to generate massive amounts of data useful for analysis. There are a couple of technologies on the horizon that help visualization of very large data resources. Leverage of client side GPU Here is an example WebGL using CanvasLayer. ( only Firefox, chrome, *** Cannot be viewed in IE10 ***) This sample shows speed of pan zoom rendering of 30,000 random points which would overwhelm typical js shape rendering. Data performance is good up to about 500,000 points per. Complex shapes need to be built up from triangle primitives. Tessellation rates for polygon generation approaches 1,000,000 triangles per 1000ms using libtess. Once tessellated the immediate mode graphic pipeline can navigate at up to 60fps. Sample code is available on. This performance is achieved by leveraging the client GPU. Because immediate mode graphics is a powerful animation engine, time animations can be used to uncover data patterns and anomalies as well as making some really impressive dynamic maps like this. Unfortunately all the upstream latency remains: collecting the data from storage and sending it across the wire. Since we’re talking about larger sets of data this latency is more pronounced. Once data initialization finishes, client side performance is amazing. Just don’t go back to the server for new data very often. Pro: • Good client side navigation performance up to about 500,000 points Con: • requires a webgl enabled browser • requires GPU on the client hardware • subject to latency issues of server query and internet streaming • WebGL tessellation triangle primitives make display of polylines and polygons complex. Fig 10 – Very interesting WebGL animations of shipping GPS tracks using WebGL Canvas –courtesy Brendan Kenny B. Leverage of server side GPU MapD – has developed a GPU based spatial query system called MapD (Massively Parallel Database) MapD Synopsis: • MapD is a new database in development at MIT, created by Todd Mostak. • MapD stands for “massively parallel database.” • The system uses graphics processing units (GPUs) to parallelize computations. Some statistical algorithms run 70 times faster compared to CPU-based systems like MapReduce. • A MapD server costs around $5,000 and runs on the same power as five light bulbs. • MapD runs at between 1.4 and 1.5 teraflops, roughly equal to the fastest supercomputer in 2000. • uses SQL to query data. • Mostak intends to take the system open source sometime in the next year. Bing Test: Bing Test shows an example of tweet points over Bing Maps and illustrates the performance boost from the MapD query engine. Each zoom or pan results in a GetMap request to the MapD engine that queries millions of tweet point records (81 million tweets Oct 19 – Oct 30), generating a viewport png image for display over Bing Map. The server side query latency is amazing considering the population size of the data. Here are a couple of screen capture videos to give you the idea of the higher fps rates: Interestingly, IE and FireFox handle cache in such a way that animations up to 100fps are possible. I can set a low play interval of 10ms and the player appears to do nothing. However, 24hr x12 days = 288 images are all being downloaded in just a few seconds. Consequently the next time through the play range the images come from cache and animation is very smooth. Chrome handles local cache differently in Windows 8 and it won’t grab from cache the second time. Fig 11 - Demo displaying public MapD engine tweet data over Bing Maps C. Spatial Hadoop – Spatial Hadoop applies the parallelism of Hadoop clusters to spatial problems using the MapReduce technique made famous by Google. In the Hadoop world a problem space is distributed across multiple CPUs or servers. Spatial Hadoop adds a nice collection of spatial objects and indices. Although supports.NET, there doesn’t seem to be a spatial Hadoop in the works for.NET projects. Apparently MapD as open source would leap frog Hadoop clusters at least for performance per dollar. In Memory database (SQL Server 2014 Hekatron in preview release) – Microsoft plans to enhance the next version of SQL Server with in-memory options. In-memory options allows high speed queries for very large data sets when deployed to high memory capacity servers. Creating Tables Specifying that the table is a memory-optimized table is done using the MEMORY_OPTIMIZED = ON clause. Fig 0 - Tracking a RoadTrip Overview Microsoft is on the move this fall. Win8 is the big news, but Visual Studio 2012,.Net 4.5, a revamped Azure, WP8, Office 2013, and even a first foray into consumer hardware, Surface Tablets (not tables), all see daylight this fall. The, Carl Franklin and Richard Campbell, are also on the move. Carl and Richard head out this week for a whirl wind through 36 states in 72 days or roughly 1728 hours. The DNR Road Trip Tracking application,, keeps tabs on the.Net Rocks RV with Tweet encouragement for the road weary travelers. All are welcome to follow the DNR RV online and add Tweet comments. The app gives event information and up to the minute updates of time to next show with tweets along the route. It even gives turn by turn directions for those inclined to catch the.Net Rocks RV and follow along in the real world –.NET Rocks stalking. Technical Overview. Fig 1 –.Net Rocks Road Trip Tracking app project outline Backend: SQL Server Azure is the key resource for the DNR tracking app. GPS feeds are pushed at 1 minute intervals from a commercial unit to a Windows service listening for UDP packets. This Feed Service turns incoming UDP packets into Feed records stored in SQL Azure with a geography point location and datetime stamp. On the same system, a Twitter Query service is checking for Tweets on a 30 second interval using the. Tweets are also turned into Feed records in SQL Azure. However, the geography point locations for Tweets are pulled from the latest GPS record so they are associated in time with the location of the GPS unit in the DNR RV. Fig 3 – IE9 on a laptop with GPS dots and Tweet icons along the way Some more details: Routes Since there are several thousand points for each ‘event to event’ route, these are stored in SQL Azure as geography. Using SQL Server spatial functions, the routes can be simplified on query for improved performance in both network latency and map rendering. SQL Azure’s geography is a thinning algorithm that reduces the number of vertices of geography features while maintaining shape integrity. In this app the reduce factor is tied to zoomlevels of the map, thinning the number of points returned to the UI. The map viewport is used as a bounding box so only the visible routes are returned. Obviously Carl and Richard may find reasons to take a different route so the GPS breadcrumbs may wander from the Bing generated routes. Fig 6 - iPhone simulator GPS points GPS points are generated every 60 seconds while the RV GPS unit is powered on. When the vehicle is off, and power is scarce, the unit still sends a packet once every 4 hours. Carl and Richard will be driving a lot of hours and there will be lots of points generated over the next 72 days and roughly 1728 hours. Assuming a 25% driving time over the duration, there could be as many as 1728/4 *60 = 25,920 GPS locations. Even Bing Maps Ajax v7 will choke trying to render this many locations. In order to keep things more reasonable, there is another thinning algorithm used in the GPS query service. This is again tied to zoomlevel. At lower zoom levels points are thinned using a type of decimation – every 20th, 10th, 5th point, etc is kept depending on the zoomlevel. In addition only points required by the viewport bounding box are returned. Once the map is zoomed to higher resolution (zoom > 11) all of the points will be returned. GPS map locations include a rollover infobox with time and detected speed at the location. We can all check up on Carl’s driving (moving: 86.99mph) and keep track of coffee stops (moving: 0.0 mph). Bing Routes Routing services are provided for user position to the latest GPS location and Stop venues selected on the map or from the Stop list. In addition to the route map a turn by turn directions list is provided as a page option. The is used for identifying a user’s location for these routing requests. Geolocation API is an opt in API, so users need to allow location sharing to have their location automatically available. If allowed, getCurrentPosition returns a latitude, longitude which is run through the Bing reverse geocoding service to get an address used as the ‘from’ field for routing requests. Fig 9 - Bing Turn by Turn directions jQuery Mobile is a javascript library for abstracting away some of the complexity of supporting a large number of devices. WP7, Win8 tablets, iPads, iPhones, and Android devices are multiplying while traditional laptop and desktop systems have a number of browser choices and versions. JQuery Mobile is not perfect but it is a great help in a project that had to be ready in about ten days from start to finish. One interesting feature of jQuery Mobile is the page transition effect. These are based on CSS3 and are not supported by all browsers. It adds a little pizazz to see slide, flip, and pop effects for page transitions. JQuery Mobile apps do not have access to device such as accelerometer, compass, gyrometer, etc, so jQuery Mobile webapps will not have the full range of capabilities found in custom apps for Win8, WP7, iOS, and Android. However, just one web UI for all is an enticing benefit, while deployment is ordinary webapp rather than a series of more complex app store submissions. This approach allows easy updates over the course of the tour. Fig 1 Windows 8 Grid App template Windows 8 RTM was released to developers last week. Win8 with its “Metro” style UI promises to be a major reset to both the Windows OS and the Microsoft developer community. No longer called “Metro” due to some potential, the new Win8 style is very much aimed at touch devices. It targets the full spectrum of platforms: smart phones, tablets, laptops, desktops, and servers, but touch is obviously the preferred interface. The goal appears to be an OS that easily transitions between desktop and mobile. A worthy goal for multi device consumers who in a Microsoft world would no longer need to shift gears dramatically from one device to the next. OSs are like musical instruments, the fingerings differ from one to the next requiring an annoying shift of gestalt gears. Now that smartphones are firmly entrenched, consumers are forced to master alternative OSs and leakage out of the Microsoft OS corral is growing. Microsoft is concerned enough to take the risk of a Windows reset with Win8 Metro. In the conventional desktop world we have Windows, Apple OS X, and Linux focused on screen, mouse, and keyboard interfaces. In the mobile world we have iOS, Android, BlackBerry OS, and WP7 focused on screen, touch, voice, and a plethora of sensors pertinent to motion. Win8 puts both into one OS, desktop and mobile, but mobile is the front man. WP8 and Win8 appear to be on a merging trajectory. Win8 and Maps From a mapping perspective there are again two paths, desktop and mobile (Metro) oh and plain old internet. Internet IE10 forks browser web apps as well: 1) Win8 desktop IE10 – compatible desktop experience including plugins like Silverlight 2) Win8 mobile IE10 – plugin free and touch complete. Silverlight is out for mobile IE10, as is any sanctioned 3D. There are also cosmetic differences that make desktop a compatibility version and mobile optimized for smaller form factors and touchy gestures. Bing Maps ajax v7 is slightly upgraded with a new. As far as IE10 browsers, Bing Maps webapps using generic html5, css, jQuery Mobile with Bing Maps Ajax v7 will work with both IE10 branches and most any device, as well as avoiding Windows Store distribution. Win8 Desktop – old stuff Not much to say here. Everything I tried worked the same as usual. Bing Maps ajax v7, Bing Maps Silverlight, and Bing Maps WPF controls are all supported. Normal ClickOnce install works as before. VS2012 continues to evolve to accommodate Azure and mobile target platforms – ARM joins x86 and x64. Everything is familiar once you get to the desktop, but there can be some discovery process getting there. Win8 Mobile – new stuff A lot to explore here. – some media info on user experience for mobile. From a Bing Maps developer perspective there are again two paths. (Lots of dualism in the picture) ref Both paths support distribution through the new Windows Store. 1) – Windows 8 JavaScript API is the same as the existing Bing Maps ajax v7 API and makes transitions easy for existing ajax v7 map applications. Starting a project in VS2012 allows selection of a template with all the appropriate boilerplate. The map action is exactly the same as Bing Maps ajax v7 API. Sample html for Bing Maps JavaScript SDK: BingMaps-JavaScript-SDK. Fig 2 – Windows 8 JavaScript API sample Javascript SDK event types are just the same as the existing ajax v7 API and do not include all the new sensor capabilities. However, the more interesting parts of Win8 are the multiple sensor support that requires Win8 Bing Maps SDK for Metro. 2) – This is the most comprehensive SDK with access to all core platform features. Is still RTM Beta with final build due at the end of September. For the present Maps will be decorated with a large BETA band. First there are some special available: • Basic Windows Metro style app – Application is a Windows Metro style app that is publicly available without restriction and does not exceed 500,000 transactions of any type within a 12 month period. • Enterprise Windows Metro style app – Application is a Windows Metro style app that is a public or a private application The distinguishing capability in Bing Maps SDK for Metro style is access to sensors when available on a target platform:: • Accelerometer – This sensor returns G-force values with respect to the x, y, and z axes. • Compass – This sensor returns a heading with respect to True North and, possibly, Magnetic North. • Gyrometer – This sensor returns angular velocity values with respect to the x, y, and z axes • Inclinometer -This sensor returns pitch, roll, and yaw values that correspond to rotation angles around the x, y, and z axes, respectively. • LightSensor – This sensor returns the ambient-light reading as a LUX value. • OrientationSensor – This sensor returns a rotation matrix and a Quaternion that can be used to adjust the user’s perspective in a game application. • SimpleOrientationSensor – This sensor detects the current quadrant orientation of the specified device as well as its face-up or face-down status. GPS is a subset of GeoLocation which can use fall back locations such as ip or WiFi triangulation as well as gps. Fig 6 – Win8 Bing Maps SDK with GeoLocation and BirdsEye view Distribution The Windows Store is a prominent tile in the Start page. Win8 applications are vetted through a Microsoft analysis and process before distribution through the public Windows Store. Of course any app created in VS2012 is available as a tile in the Start Page of the development system, but getting an app to clients happens through the Windows Store. Enterprise LOB applications do have a process to bypass the public Windows Store. Fig 7 – Windows Store for Win8 app delivery (Sideloading is possible for Enterprise licensees) Summary At present Win8 is still a future affair. Developers can play, while consumers wait. Microsoft dominance of desktops will guarantee a desktop market going forward. Since neither phone nor tablet will be available to consumers with Win8 until later 4th quarter, Win8 is an OS focused on devices that may or may not generate a market. The risk is alienating a relatively loyal base of desktop users in the hope of gaining traction in the fast growing mobile market. Without a market, developers will not devote much effort to all the new stuff. Win8 is a “do or die” gambit for Balmer, Sinofsky, and friends. Mobile is moving fast and Microsoft’s future in mobile remains in serious question. If the mobile market is entirely lost, Microsoft is headed toward a long slow Gibbonesqe decline. However, Win8 is potentially the lever required to pry Microsoft into at least a place at the mobile table. We won’t know much for a few more quarters. In the meantime steep learning curves ahead for Bing Maps devs. Fig 2 – the newest Azure SDK has lots of language hooks plays nice with and Microsoft offers a free website development IDE tool, This is not a replacement for Visual Studio, but it’s a great little tool for javascript UI development. Going Mobile There are a few ways to approach mobile development. You can develop for each of the popular platforms, but that takes a bit of effort getting the tools for iOS and Android as well as learning enough Objective-C and Android Java to be productive. There are some tools for cross platform development like Titanium Appcelerator, which provide a runtime for translating controls written in a javascript format to native controls on the device. This requires learning new controls, IDE tools, as well as adding the runtime to your app. Both of the above require registration and familiarity with various app store submission processes along with a fee. 3rd Way Mobile One of the easiest ways to make a mobile map app is to just use the familiar web platform approach leveraging HTML5. Expose some data through a custom service layer or hook up to a REST API, and then use jQuery Mobile to make UI apps with HTML5 targeted to mobile clients. This won’t require an app store submission or their requisite fees. WebMatrix adds some nice features for website development. Just install the tool and open a directory project to get started. Fig 8 – Android emulators are part of the Android SDK install Once the Android AVD is available, testing is just a matter of typing in the local url of a webapp site and checking for visual integrity. JQuery Mobile offers HTML5 javascript controls specialized for mobile devices. It abstracts away many of the variations in html5 implementation. (See ) jQuery Mobile makes use of specialized javascript metadata to create jQuery type controls from a single html file. Element attributes like data-role, data-rel, and data-transition add html5 objects and behaviors suited to mobile devices. The data-transition attribute adds animated transition effects. (Note, not all browsers support data-transition but fallback is benign) Transition to page is a styling mechanism with readymade themes. This is a bit different from jQuery UI themes. Using data theme attributes ‘a’ through ‘e’, called swatches, styling propagates to all contained elements: Sample Mobile App With jQuery Mobile the basic UI tools are available for controlling a map application such as this store finder with driving directions. Using HTML5 has the additional benefit of support across both mobile and desktop browsers. Now a useful Mobile UI can be added to a map finder service layer by just adding a page link to a consumer facing business portal. In this sample, location points are viewed as a map or a list. Bing route and geocode services are used to get basic polyline route and turn by turn directions. Not rocket science, and with jQuery Mobile this is an easy extension geared to mobile device clients. Fig 1 MapSavvy WMS referenced in AutoCAD Map 3D A Brief History of WMS, OGC, has been an influential geospatial standards body since the late 90’s. OGC standards are at the root of SQL spatial databases, commercial GIS tools, as well as most open source mapping projects found. OGC standards have been adopted at all levels from Microsoft SQL Server, Oracle Spatial, ESRI, and AutoCAD to PostGIS, GeoServer, and Quantum GIS. OGC standards are part of the DNA of modern GIS and internet mapping. One of the more popular OGC standards, first published at the turn of the millennium, is. WMS is a map distribution standard for showing arbitrary BBox map areas in common internet browsers. One of the early significant WMS services was a partnership between Microsoft Research and the USGS called, which was in continuous operation from 1998 until today, 5/1/2012. More recently the name was changed to MSR Maps. Microsoft TerraServer pioneered free availability of geospatial data in an OGC compliant service. At the same time, TerraServer research established the storage, but then merged tiles into arbitrary BBox chunks for WMS GetMap requests. TerraServer was grandfather to two forks of web mapping, quad tile pyramids and WMS open data services. May 1st 2012 marks the end of this pioneering service. Requiescat in pace How WMS works WMS defines a standard method of publishing capabilities to the web and furnishing images of requested areas. A WMS client first asks what layers are available, in what formats, styles, and projections. Some decisions are made depending on need and availability. These decisions along with a specific bounding box are sent back to the WMS server. The WMS server builds the requested image and returns it as a rectangular png, jpeg, tiff etc. Behind the WMS server is some type of data repository, either vector data or imagery, but the WMS server handles all requests for specific parts of this data resource. Fig2 - OGC Web Mapping Service This was an ambitious scheme in 2000, attempting to smooth the distribution of a multitude of proprietary formats and display methods. The concept was simply to make access to spatial data a “write once, use anywhere architecture.” Momentum built slowly at first, but by this time, May of 2012, there are many choices for WMS servers, and WMS clients are built into a multitude of mapping tools and websites. Two roads In 2005 this whole approach was upended with the introduction of web maps and a new tile serving slippy map architecture. The problem WMS ran into was the limit of CPU resources attempting to build individual map requests for millions of users. Servers eventually bogged down trying to fulfill requests for arbitrary WMS viewports. The new slippy map architecture doesn’t build anything. Tiles flow to clients simply as requested, directly from storage or cache. The browser client is responsible for rendering, so web mapping suddenly became massively parallel. Map pan and zoom went from request, pause, display, to continuous uninterrupted motion, quite magical at its first introduction. This approach was a recapitulation of TerraServer storage but dropped the WMS at the end of the server pipe. Tile pyramids became just static image stores streaming into a map client as needed by pan and zoom. WMS was fine for the technical folks and enterprise focus on proprietary assets, but it just didn’t scale into the internet consumer realm. Web mapping forked at this point. WMS continued to grow as a basic function of every desktop map tool and internet client, while web mapping adopted vast tile pyramids prebuilt from vector features and aerial imagery. Microsoft Bing Maps, MapQuest, and Google Maps are the glamorous handmaidens of search, serving up map tiles to the masses. OGC services haul water behind the scenes, with the pocket protector crowd. Between Two Roads The two architectures coexist in the internet realm. OGC services are work horses in engineering cubicles, but the mobile generation is all about slippy tiles. Many web apps merge one of the world scale base map tile pyramids with layers of OGC services on top. This approach marshals world level extent together with locally maintained assets. Example Fig 3. Fig 3 – Bing Maps behind Census Bureau TIGER WMS/WFS layers Against the Stream WMS layers can live on top of popular web maps like Bing, but what about the opposite direction? Can WMS clients make use of worldwide tile pyramids? “A dead thing can go with the stream, but only a living thing can go against it.” G.K. Chesterton OnTerra MapSavvy Far down stream from, created a simple WMS service to bridge the fork in the road between OGC and Bing Maps tiles, but in the opposite direction. Is a WMS service that simply exposes Bing Maps Aerial and Road imagery to existing users of WMS clients. Subscribe to the service and imagery for the entire world is available inside your mapping tool of choice. There are thousands of man years of development tied up in tools that perform very specific business functions. These tools are not especially public facing. They perform the required task, but the task is of no particular interest to the rest of us. Companies have to pay people to use tools like this. In cases of business focused WMS tools, wouldn’t it be nice to access the vast resources of tile imagery abounding on the internet? For example, Microsoft is just finishing a program to capture most of the US and Western Europe at 30cm pixel resolution and serving this in Bing Maps Aerial. This kind of resolution at national scales is a very useful resource. Designers, engineers, defense agencies, and GIS analysts can always use higher resolution imagery available for large parts of the planet. Lower resolution imagery fills in context for the remainder of the world. Ref: Bing Maps 30cm Aerial: “The project is scheduled for completion by June 2012 at which point a refresh cycle will begin to update much of what will already have been collected, with priority placed on locations that have been more subject to change (as opposed to, say, the Mojave Dessert).” See Fig 4. Fig 6 – QGIS WMS client - Detail of Coors Field Blake Street entrance - 0.30 m per pixel Some Details, like all web mapping tile services, leverages the symmetry of a Mercator world projection, which is technically defined as. In order to support the widest range of WMS clients MapSavvy publishes both epsg:3857 and epsg:4326. The second projection has less value, as it distorts the imagery, but, in cases where a WMS client cannot make use of the more accurate epsg:3857, epsg:4326 is helpful. This is especially useful, at higher resolutions where the distortion is reduced. MapSavvy helps resolve some of the distortion issues of epsg:4326 by using transformed images for zoom levels at the top of the tile pyramid. Unlike Google Maps, which explicitly use of Google tiles in a WMS service, Bing Maps wants customers to use their tile servers. OnTerra licenses Microsoft Bing Map tiles for use in a WMS. MapSavvy subscriptions include a restricted Microsoft sub-license for use of Bing road and imagery tiles in the client, which simplifies life for small business users. Some TerraServer Alternatives TerraServer has historical interest but in the past five years there hasn’t been much demand for DOQ, Urban Ortho, or DRG Topo maps. The demise of TerraServer may go largely unnoticed. For those left orphaned, publishes several WMS endpoints. However, Bing Maps Aerial is a much improved replacement for USGS DOQ and USGS Urban Ortho. MapSavvy WMS can replace TerraServer DOQ and Urban Ortho layers directly in existing WMS clients. If you’re looking for alternative USGS Topo contours, Ahlzen’s is a good place to start. ' TopoFusion Pro 5.43': ■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■ ►►► ►►► ■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■ TopoFusion Pro 5.43, kainuoja minkštas Mjuk, TopoFusion,Pro.,5.43 OneDrive Negozio. TopoFusion.Pro.,5.43 TopoFusion,Pro 5.43.nemokamai langai TopoFusion.,Pro 5.43 blød.,tablet Få länk TopoFusion,Pro,5.43,gratis TopoFusion,Pro 5.43, täysi,pehmeä TopoFusion. Pro 5.43.rar. 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All you do is circle the one you have that day. You also have an area for your weekly spelling and vocabulary words as well as a place for your objectives at the bottom of the template. I used the font from Kevin and Amanda. Lesson Planning and Creating a Teacher Plan Book Categories: Lesson planning. Every teacher’s got to do it. Not only do we have to do it, but it’s important that we do it well. Well crafted lesson plans create a direction and a vision for your day. They help you feel less stressed and more confident. They’re there for you to grab onto when your classroom is buzzing with activity and you can’t remember what you were going to do next! Don’t get me wrong, as teachers we should always be willing to step away from our lesson plans and steer our instruction in a different direction when our planned vision takes a turn in a different direction or our students show us they are in need of something else or something more. However, thoughtful lesson plans set the tone for the day. Lesson planning is a very individual process, taking on a number of different shapes and forms. In this post, I’ll share a few of my own ideas and resources for creating daily and weekly lesson plans as well as how to organize them. Lesson Planning Styles Before my first year of teaching began I drove myself to the local teacher supply store and bought myself a shiny new teacher plan book with pencils and lined paper decorating the front. I had visions of myself sitting at my desk with my plan book, neatly writing in my lessons for the day and week. Well my vision didn’t manifest itself as I thought. I quickly found that the traditional teacher plan book was not going to work for me. There were too many details I wished to include in my plans that just wouldn’t fit in the tiny spaces provided. I also wanted to adjust the one size fits all boxes to fit the needs of my schedule. I wouldn’t necessarily turn and throw your teacher plan book out of the window however. They make perfect sense when you want to jot out an outline of your week to quickly refer to. Although like I did, you may come to desire the need for more freedom and flexibility with your plans. If so, below are a couple of daily lesson plan templates I created to better fit my needs. (.doc) (.doc) – adapted from Beth Newingham While some of us may prefer to use paper and pencil to plan, others may be anxious to check out ways to use technology. I was one of those anxious teachers last year and so I tried out. In the beginning, I spent much more time than I would have liked just figuring out how to best use this program rather than actual planning. Once I figured it out though, I found there to be many benefits. One being that after you create your plans you can easily print them out to have for easier reference. I also liked how I could easily switch from a weekly to a daily view. 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Now that you have created a place to organize all of your lesson plans (whether it be online or in your own plan book), you may find that your life feels a bit more complete! You’ll also have a book (online or off) of thoughtful and organized resources to use for reflection and hopefully even preparation for next year. Happy Planning! Teachers.Net - TEACHERS - Education resources, Teacher chat, lesson plans, teaching jobs. Teachers.Net for the most active teacher chatboards & teacher chatrooms. Find out how to get your federal student loans forgiven due to your service as a teacher. Evaluate repayment plan. Teacher Loan Forgiveness. Teachers.Net features thousands of free lesson plans and classroom ideas submitted by teachers just like you. Browse lesson plans by category, grade level, or search by keyword, and discover how the Teachers.Net community can make your lesson planning easier and more rewarding. Create Your Own Lesson Plan. Teacher Plan Book found in: Teacher's Plan Book, The Everything Plan Book, Hold-It-All Teacher Tote, Teacher's Record Book, Environment Rating Scale. Do you own one of those gorgeous Erin Condren Teacher Planners but can't fit everything in those tiny boxes? Don't like your handwriting? Used to typing your lesson plans but still want to use your nice teacher planner? This may be the template for you! Included are two templates you can use to type your lesson plans. Simply click in the text box to add your lesson plans. Print the template, cut the text boxes out and then glue or tape into your lesson planner for super neat lesson plans. Directions and examples are included! THIS WILL TAKE SOME TIME FOR YOU TO CUSTOMIZE. However, if you want to love your planner but do not love the idea of writing out your plans OR if you are required to have so much information in your lesson plans that it won’t all fit if you hand write it, then the time to customize this will be worth it. Once you have it set up the way you want, it will be easy to edit each week to do your plans. First and foremost, this is for ERIN CONDREN TEACHER LESSON PLANS ONLY. If you don’t have an ECTLP then please, this is not for you. 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Requirements • Each Scout must have his own Activity Book ( Ad Altare Dei Youth Manual, Publication Date: 2014). The book is designed for the youth to work on with the guidance of a counselor. • The program is designed to be completed in 6-8 months. • The use of a Catholic Bible is required for this program. You will need to have one to use. • Regular participation in Sunday worship. • Diocesan and BSA Youth Protection policies must be followed. • Complete the requirements in the Ad Altare Dei Scout Manual. • Successfully complete an Ad Altare Dei Board of Review. • A trained religious emblems coordinator/counselor/moderator is required to work on religious emblems. Contact your to become trained and for ceremony schedules. Getting Started • Identify a counselor. Ask your Scoutmaster/Advisor, pastor, parish administrator, director if religious education, any member of the troop committee, or if there is an emblem counselor in your parish or area. • After you have selected your counselor, you must complete the application to begin working on the Emblem program. The application is in the Ad Altare Dei Emblem book. The approval application must be signed by the applicant, parent, counselor, Troop leader, and pastor. • Emblem Books may be obtained most economically and quickly from your local BSA Council Service Center Scout Shops. Alternatively, they can be obtained directly from BSA Supply at ' or through most. Responsibility for Scouting Youth • Attend all meetings. Actively work on the activities. • All journal entries, reports, and written work should be legible and neat. • Work through the Ad Altare Dei Scout Manual with your counselor using a Bible where appropriate. 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When all parts of a step are completed, review the Emblem book with the counselor. • Be prepared to share experiences at the Board of Review. • Attend a retreat or Day of Recollection while working on the AAD program. • Keep the Religious Emblems Coordinator informed of his progress. Counselor's Role • Counselors for the Ad Altare Dei emblem should be approved in advance by their pastors and the Scout Chaplain or Catholic Committee in Scouting. The Religious Emblem Counselor's Guide, Publication Date: 2012, is an integral part of this program and contains the necessary resources for anyone. • All religious Emblem Counselors and Facilitators must have current BSA Youth Protection and Local Diocese Youth Protection training. • Use the AAD Counselor Guide. • Counsel the participants when required, and in general facilitate (keep moving and on track) the general discussion. • Hold all scheduled meetings. • The youths Emblem book is to be examined as the Scout proceeds through each step of the program. The counselor will sign and date the certification of completion for the step Spiritual growth should be evident when progressing from step to step. • Keep the Religious Emblems Coordinator informed of the youth's progress. Program Completion • After all sections have been completed, the counselor will contact the to find out the schedule for the AAD Board of Review. • The Scout will sit before the Board of Review. • After Board of Review has been successfully completed, the counselor should contact the for further direction concerning presentation instructions. • Scouts who earn this Religious Emblem are also entitled to wear a BSA Religious Knot over their left pocket. Please consult with your local to determine how knots are presented in your area. If they are not presented with the Religious Emblems, then they can be purchased at your local BSA Council Service Center Scout Shop with proof that the scout received the emblem. Presentation • The first rule in preparing recognition ceremonies is to keep them simple but impressive. The second is to remember that the ceremony is for the youth. Many Dioceses present their religious emblems in their Diocesan Cathedral, either in the context of a liturgy or a prayer service. The key is to make it special and memorable. See for presentation helps for your Diocese. • The religious knot should be presented at a Troop Court of Honor. However, it can be presented along with the Emblem. Ordering of Emblems • Each diocese has one or two indivduals who are designated to purchase religious emblems. Only these NCCS authorized submitters are allowed to order emblems for their diocese. Please consult with your local to determine when and where the next Award Ceremony will be held. Adaware is the Internet’s security and privacy leader. We offer simple, worry-free solutions that enhance your online experience, Keep connected. CNNMoney reviewed a copy of the GIF. Introduced with the line 'Ready for a Dove Shower?' It shows a looping image of a black woman removing a dark brown t-shirt to reveal a white woman. She then removes her beige t-shirt to show a third woman. 'This did not represent the diversity of real beauty which is something Dove is passionate about and is core to our beliefs, and it should not have happened,' the company said in a statement Sunday. 'We apologize deeply and sincerely for the offense that it has caused and do not condone any activity or imagery that insults any audience.' An image we recently posted on Facebook missed the mark in representing women of color thoughtfully. We deeply regret the offense it caused.— Dove (@Dove) For its part, Dove, which is owned by Unilever ( ), has for more than a decade tried to take a socially conscious stance on beauty. Its ads have frequently used models of various body weights, ages and races. The campaigns 'My Beauty My Say,' 'Real Beauty,' and '#BeautyBias' have been for their depictions of diversity and promotion of. But this isn't the first time a Dove campaign has raised eyebrows. In 2011, an ad for one line of Dove body washes was accused of racism for lining up three women from. They appeared below the words 'before' and 'after,' which were meant to indicate skin dryness. Earlier this year, Dove's U.K. Branch touted depicting variously shaped Dove body wash bottles with the tagline, 'Beauty comes in all shapes and sizes.' Critics said it suggested women are defined by their body types. • • • • • Most stock quote data provided by BATS. Market indices are shown in real time, except for the DJIA, which is delayed by two minutes. All times are ET.. Morningstar: © Morningstar, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Factset: FactSet Research Systems Inc.. All rights reserved. Chicago Mercantile Association: Certain market data is the property of Chicago Mercantile Exchange Inc. And its licensors. All rights reserved. Dow Jones: The Dow Jones branded indices are proprietary to and are calculated, distributed and marketed by DJI Opco, a subsidiary of S&P Dow Jones Indices LLC and have been licensed for use to S&P Opco, LLC and CNN. Standard & Poor's and S&P are registered trademarks of Standard & Poor's Financial Services LLC and Dow Jones is a registered trademark of Dow Jones Trademark Holdings LLC. All content of the Dow Jones branded indices © S&P Dow Jones Indices LLC and/or its affiliates. © 2017 Cable News Network. A Time Warner Company. All Rights Reserved. Under which this service is provided to you... “during this year a most dread portent took place. For the sun gave forth its light without brightness and it seemed exceedingly like the sun in eclipse, for the beams it shed were not clear.” This quote from Procopius of Caesarea is matched by other from around the world pointing to something – often described as a ‘dry fog’ – and accompanied by a cold summer, crop failures and a host of other problems. There’s been a, books and much speculating on its cause – volcanoes, comets and other catastrophes have been suggested. But this week there comes a new paper in GRL () which may provide a definitive answer. It’s long been known that tree-rings (such as the one pictured from Arizona) often show an extremely small growth ring for AD 536 (you can count back from the marked AD 550 ring). In fact, if you look at the mean anomaly in a whole range of tree ring constructions, this event stands out along with 1601 and 1815 (known volcanic events) as being exceptional over the last 2000 years. Average of the high-frequency components of 7 northern European tree ring reconstructions from Larsen et al, 2008. The filtering ensures that uncertainties in long term trends (which are not important in this context) don’t confuse the issue. These data match the written sources quite well. However, tying it to a cause has always been plagued with problems of chronology. An initial attempt to tie this event to a volcanic pulse in the Dye3 ice core in Greenland foundered when the chronology was revised to put it 20 years earlier. However, there has recently been a concerted effort to place all the Greenland ice cores on a common timescale based on annual layer counts (Vintner et al, 2006). Because all the cores are being counted together, ambiguities in one can be corrected by reference to the others. Once the dates have been better established, the sulphate records (which generally show the impact of volcanic aerosols) can be examined to see if they line up. And low and behold, they do: The second peak in the picture is dated at 534 AD which is close enough to 536 AD given the one or two year uncertainty in counting. Note that the 534 AD peak is actually smaller than the one a few years earlier. In assessing the importance of an eruption though, it isn’t enough to have just a peak in Greenland. That could simply signify an eruption that was close. Instead, people look for a matching peak in Antarctica. This signifies that the eruption was likely tropical and the aerosols were carried into both hemispheres by the stratospheric circulation. Here is where previous attempts often faltered. The dating of ice cores in Antarctica is less exact than in Greenland because the accumulation is slower (it doesn’t snow as much). However, the relatively new Dronning Maud Land (DML) core has comparable resolution to the Greenland ones, and this one does have a clear sulphate peak at about 542 +/- 17 years. That is good enough to be a match to the 536 AD peak in Greenland. The correction you’d need to make to align them exactly would also fix some other apparent offsets for smaller events in the subsequent 100 years. So it probably was a volcano, somewhere in the tropics, and it was likely the size of Tambora in 1815. There has been some speculation that it was an earlier eruption of Krakatoa (which went off again in 1883), but that is uncertain, as are the numerous consequences such as the fall of the Rome or the rise of Islam which have been attributed to this event. While not exploring that too deeply, this quote from Michael the Syrian indicates dramatically the potential for climate events like this one to really spoil your day: “The sun was dark and its darkness lasted for eighteen months; each day it shone for about four hours; and still this light was only a feeble shadow the fruits did not ripen and the wine tasted like sour grapes.”. Looking at the references which appeared along with the report in NATURE about the ice cap over Baffin Island, I noticed one about the 1453 CE event. Steffenson, H. Clausen, M.-L. Siggaard-Andersen, S. Mayewski, and C. Ammann (2006), The 1452 or 1453 A.D. Kuwae eruption signal derived from multiple ice core records: Greatest volcanic sulfate event of the past 700 years, J. Res., 111, D12107, doi:10.1029/2005JD006710. That event was quite large and also appeared to have resulted in a rather large climate impact. The historical information from China suggests major crop failures and famine. One of the interesting aspects of this report was the differences in dates for an event which might be considered well dated in historical records, even though there were no reports from the actual location. I’ve also seen references to an event dated at 1259 CE, for which, last I heard, the location had not been determined. Apparently, the Baffin Island data places this event at a somewhat later date. This event is well known from the long bristlecone record as well. For those interested in a good treatment of volcanism over the last 50 centuries should look to a paper by Salzer and Hughes last year in QR.. Here is what they have to say on the subject: There has been some suggestion that the AD 536 dust-veil event might be the result of a comet impact, however, rather than a volcano (Baillie, 1994). The AD 536–547 environmental disruption has been observed in multiple proxies and has been characterized as a widespread catastrophic event (D’Arrigo et al., 2001). The improved dating of the ice core records via the layers is crucial for zeroing in on these large global events. I’m glad to see that this is moving forward. And so another one bites the dust.:) IIRC the cooling related to this event has been used as the main benchmark separating the “Roman Warm Period” from the later “Medieval Warm Period,” which in the absence of enough data on vulcanism were imputed largely to inferred variations in solar irradiance along with various other minor climate regimes of the last few thousand years. What’s interesting is how little attention this recent shift in the science has gotten (to the point that I for one had more or less missed it, although it was right there in the AR4 WG1 report). Re #3, Ah what a nice picture he paints Mr Lovelock but his statements are starting to sound like the alarm bells that James Hansen is sounding. Mr Hansen as director of GISS (realclimates boss I believe)has recently in january 2008 started issuing warnings of safe limits for CO2 of 350 ppmv which is of course impossible to achieve in the present global economic economy, well unless we can mobilise ourselves to a level of magnitude that dwarves the second world war mobilisation. Oil copanies are not going to stop providing and producing oil, nor are coal companies coal or gas copanies gas but strategic targets by governments could be set but not 120% of CO2 reductions by 2020/2030 as is being requested here. Hansen states that new paleoclimatic evidence leads him to believe that this is teh case and that 450 ppmv is an absolute upper limit but one that coms with enourmous consequences such as desertification and areas of uninhabiatability across the globe. Maybe Lovelock is right, be prepared to adapt for technology can be devised to do that rather than mitigate CO2 emissions as we can start from a clean slate. Build nuclear power plants to provide the adaptation energy to power the technology. Huge swathes of lans will be under water and food will probably need to be synthesized within 20 years. It is all very apocolyptic and very doomey but as it comes from these two then I would suggest that we had better start listening. Science is very conservative and very skeptical and when it comes to AGW, it may not have shouted loud enough long enough. [ Response: FYI. Hansen has no connection whatsoever with RC. There’s still the odd skeptic in the woodpile I see. I’m afraid you lot are becomming increasingly ‘ODDer’ and rarefiedreasonThe OVERWHELMING information that ‘PROVES’ ACC is happening. These are the world’s top, most repected scientists, each one experts and masters in their respective fields.each one has spent the best part of thier lives in the quest to understand how their chosen aspects of science works and interrelates to the other earth sciences. These silly little sceptics armed with all their weath of imaginary intelligence and doctorates seem to think that ALL these brilliant and searching minds have it ALL wrong.why dont you take a long hard look in a mirror so you can see how stupid and ridiculous you sound. I bet you dont work in highrise buildings either because some ‘expert’ of an architect built them and so with just the right wind speed and precipitation and relative humidity etc. They could suddenly come crashing down. So stop advertising your abject ignorance and actually listen to what the IPCC is telling you and accept the consequence that raising the most important greenhouse gas by 30%+ in the relative blink of an eye is having on our climate. Without commenting on whether Lovelock’s assessment is correct in its various aspects, I am most struck by the logical inconsistency in his message. On the one hand he states, “Global warming has passed the tipping point, and catastrophe is unstoppable.” As a consequence of that assessment he dismisses ideas such as renewable energy, recycling, avoiding flying etc. As pointless. And yet, he strongly advocates using nuclear power as something that “can solve our energy problem.” Well, why is saving CO2 emissions by using nuclear power important, but saving emissions by other methods a waste of time because it is already too late? Such an inconsistency, it seems to me, renders his message incoherent. Sorry this is off topic. I did enjoy the 536AD tale, but then got distracted by #3! Lawrence, There is nothing we can do! If I change all my light bulbs to low energy ones, will that save the world? If I sell my car and get a bicycle will that do? What if you join me, can we save the world together? Even if all the sensible people in the world stopped wasting energy, there is still another 90% who would go on driving the SUVs, jet skis, and monster trucks. Apart from macho men, how are the few remaining housewives going to get the food to feed their families? They need their car to take them to the supermarket to fetch the groceries. Our only hope is that the next president of the USA will organise the world to take action. But any presidential candidate who advocates the actions needed will never get elected. Let’s face it, GWB admitted that the USA is hooked on oil. Our only hope is if we (USA, UK, Europe, China, India, etc.) go cold turkey. Can you see that? Can you see any of the main three (good) candiates advocating that. Can you see them implementing it? Lovelock’s advice was to enjoy yourself while you can. Why should it be that those who are destroying the world should be the ones to have thh fun? Cheers, Alastair. Just thinking a bit more about the Baillie hypothesis, and also Jim G’s comment (#6) above, it doesn’t follow that we are looking for one event or type of causation, nor should we assume that discovery of a volcanic influence disproves a cometry cause, since the latter would not necessarily leave a crater or impact zone. For example, one might consider a combination of vulcanicity and a major cometry burst, somewhere in the upper atmosphere, the latter leaving a large quantity of dust or volatiles (maybe including SO2?) to be circulated in the stratosphere. Regarding Edward G’s comment (#10 above), Edward, are you thinking of the eruption of Thera (now called Santorini) when you refer to an island in the Mediterranean? If so, I think the date for that has been fixed pretty well at about 1550 B.C. Or thereabouts, so the dates do not match for this as a cause (1550 BC vs 536 AD). Do you know of any other Med. Eruptions around 540 AD, as there are a number of other possible culprits, otherwise we shall probably have to look farther afield (e.g. Krakatoa, or maybe something in the southern hemisphere?). For a broad overview of reconstructing past climates, including creating an accurate chronology and how the different proxies are combined with models, see: Walker M and Lowe J (2007) Quaternary science 2007: a 50-year retrospective. Journal of the Geological Society, London, vol 164, pp. We are nearly at the stage of having annual climate and environmental data over the last few thousand years and extending into prehistory. Events such as volcanic explosions are very useful for correlating different climate proxies. Written records are an under-exploited source of past climate information, in my opinion. To jbroon: Lovelock emphasises the worst possible outcome. The main reason for doubting more mild forecasts of climate change is that they fail to adequately consider feedback mechanisms (tipping points). A recent assessment of the dangers of specific tipping elements in the climate system is: T. Rahmstorf, H. Schellnhuber (2007) Tipping elements in the earth system. ICESM Abstracts, Vol. 1, ICESM2007-A-00032. (Tim Lenton has worked with James Lovelock and Stefan Rahmstorf is a contributor to a certain climate blog.) Lovelock’s worst case scenario is definitely possible, but by no means certain, and while he may turn out to be right about the broad outcome, I for one do not agree with his views on energy and agriculture. For instance, nuclear power will obviously be part of the world’s future energy mix, but the expansion required to cover all our future needs is unlikely and risky in its own right, whatever the drawbacks of lifestyle change and renewable energy. It would also probably be fair to say that he enjoys scaring the cccp out of hapless interviewers, and it is easy to forget how widespread is the requirement on paid scientists to speak in measured terms or risk their job. James Hansen, because of his senior scientific post, can speak out while only running the risk of contradicting political bosses (who can’t argue with him on the science) as opposed to scientific superiors who might take a different view from him and cut off his grant money. In the UK, politicians are examining whether to increase the 2050 emissions cut target from 60% to 80-90%, so the Hansen view of the science is filtering through. #13 Pete Best, having read much of Hansen’s published work and all of Lovelock’s Revenge of Gaia, I really don’t see Hansen and Lovelock’s alarm as being about the same consequences. Lovelock is much more pessimistic. #17 Slioch, Lovelock’s fear now is that what is coming will be so massive we (in the UK) must be as self-sufficient as possible. He’s quite clear about his reasons in the article, and if he’s right about what’s coming it makes strategic sense. I don’t know what to make of Lovelock, I think he’s probably overestimated the impact. But his top down arguments appeal to the electronics graduate in me, my fear is “For want of a nail” type cascades. I hope people in 2100 will be able to look back and say “It could have been worse, just look at 536AD.” Thanks for another interesting essay Gavin. On the subject of Lovelock’s interview, a couple of thoughts come to mind. One, a person should have more modesty than to dismiss the thoughts of someone with one of the world’s greatest minds. Second, one shouldn’t expect too much consistency in a topic as complex as climate change. Besides, Lovelock doesn’t argue that renewables wouldn’t be beneficial, rather that they’re not practical because of the enormous manufacturing and construction effort required for them, compared to their output. Elsewhere he has pointed out that their part-time nature requires that backup energy be available. So one supposes that if the backup energy were environmentally sound there’d be no point in having the renewables. My own view is different, but I’d hesitate to disagree with Dr. I think it will take a mix of renewables and nuclear to minimize the problem. More reading: Supporting evidence from the EPICA Dronning Maud Land ice core for atmospheric CO2 changes during the past millennium Tellus B, Volume 57 Issue 1 Page 51-57, February 2005 Click the link there to follow forward: Search ISI for citing articles (12 or more) Among those citing articles, this is interesting: The early anthropogenic hypothesis: Challenges and responses Ruddiman, William F. Source: REVIEWS OF GEOPHYSICS 45 (3): Art. RG4001 OCT 31 2007 Document Type: Review Abstract: Ruddiman ( 2003) proposed that late Holocene anthropogenic intervention caused CH4 and CO2 increases that kept climate from cooling and that preindustrial pandemics caused CO2 decreases and a small cooling. Every aspect of this early anthropogenic hypothesis has been challenged: the timescale, the issue of stage 11 as a better analog, the ability of human activities to account for the gas anomalies, and the impact of the pandemics. This review finds that the late Holocene gas trends are anomalous in all ice timescales; greenhouse gases decreased during the closest stage 11 insolation analog; disproportionate biomass burning and rice irrigation can explain the methane anomaly; and pandemics explain half of the CO2 decrease since 1000 years ago. Only similar to 25% of the CO2 anomaly can, however, be explained by carbon from early deforestation. The remainder must have come from climate system feedbacks, including a Holocene ocean that remained anomalously warm because of anthropogenic intervention. In the late 1970s and early 1980s, there were many speculations that a full-scale nuclear exchange would create a “nuclear winter” – but the science at the time relied on simple models, and aerosol effects were poorly understood, so there were many unanswered questions. For a modern take on the question (which is similar to a volcanic eruption in some respects), see: The modern update isn’t any more encouraging, but it does mean that the effects of aerosols, particulates like dust and smoke, are now far better understood, giving more robustness to climate model predictions. The Pinatubo eruption of June 1991 also provided a rare modern-day test case for climate models. See: So, why does this slightly obscure topic matter? “If you plug in volcanic eruptions, El Niños, solar variations and other natural causes and try to simulate past climate changes, you can do a pretty good job of modeling climate change until the end of the 19th Century,” the researcher said. After that period, he said, natural causes alone don’t account for the amount of warming, about 0.6 degrees Celsius (1.1 degrees Fahrenheit), that has taken place in the last century. “But when you factor in Pinatubo and other eruptions along with anthropogenic (human-caused) emissions,” said the scientist, “it accounts for the observed record of climate change for the past century, including the overall warming and episodic cooling, and validates the climate models.”. Re #12: Oil copanies are not going to stop providing and producing oil, nor are coal companies coal or gas copanies gas but strategic targets by governments could be set but not 120% of CO2 reductions by 2020/2030 as is being requested here. Oil companies have an absolute financial incentive to continue driving oil ever further into scarcity. With today’s new record of $104/bbl, once can see the scarce oil is a lot more valuable than if we reduced demand by conservation. Re: #28: Going fossil fuel cold turkey would mean economic suicide. If you want to see misery, death and destruction, then implement the nonsense proposed by Gore and Co. I’m already personally “carbon positive” (or whatever is better than “carbon neutral” and I’m not going broke. The people who go broke are going to be the ones who, like my DI1K (double income, one kid;) ) friends who likely gross north of $150K and “can’t afford” a hybrid. Economic suicide is what people do when they persist in buying new cars that run on gasoline. Which the car companies would love people to do since we’re going to be forced to by yet another brand new car when our gasoline bill exceeds our new car payment. ObTopic: Fascinating stuff. I remember when Pinatubo blew up and the sky slowly changed from infrequent red sunsets to the far more common just about every day sort of red sunsets. I’ve been waiting ever since for “Red sky in morning, sailors take warning. Red sky at night, sailors delight” to have some manner of predictive ability. #28 I dont think cold turkey on fossil fuel is even remotely feasible within a 30-50 year span, but Gore wasnt advocating that – rather a whole series of small measures which together bring down CO2. You can use your votes to live in a pretend-world where global warming isnt happening but that wont stop temperatures rising. Can we put your country down for say 2 million refugees? You think anti-CO2 measures will cause instability but that nothing on what climate change will bring. Oh, and every natural cycle is still working bringing ups and downs with it. Will you scream global warming has stopped with cycle or look at the long term trend? Note also the prediction that 2007, 2008 would be steady (and thats without the La Nina) but 2009 would see business as usual. RE Lovelock & wind power. He lives out in the countryside, where they are proposing to build massive wind farms, which would destroy the view & kill birds. I think Robert Kennedy Jr (with Natural Resource Defense Council) is also opposed to wind for the same reasons. As one on 100% wind I do feel a bit guilty that birds get killed and my power source may be ruining someone’s country view out in West Texas. Maybe over time inventors will come up with wind and solar solutions that are smaller and less obstructing, ones households could employ to generate all their electrical needs (which could be reduced through efficiency/conservation measures, green building, passive solar, etc), and also use that electricity for recharging their EV or compressed air EV, so they could drive on the wind or the sun. That would mean living off-the-grid, freedom from the matrix. Oh yes, I forgot, we’re already there. The tech is available. Now, if we could just get the government to cut back on those huge subsidies and tax breaks to oil and coal.which we pay for on April 15th, regardless of whether we’re off the grid and driving on wind/solar power. #24: Linus Pauling was one of the 20th century’s finest. Two Nobels in his own right (granted one not for science), and a whisker away from another with the DNA structure. Yet in later life he was plain wrong about vitamin C – to the point of nutty – though his standing meant that many assumed otherwise (some still do!). Lovelock is wrong about nuclear and wrong about renewables. He misses the power of distributed generation. Photovoltaics on every roof and a grid extending across time zones are all that’s needed. Do-able now and affordable now. Four decades (to 2050) will be more than enough to get it done. I’ve read the book Catastrophe by David Keys. The central theme is the 535-536 AD event was a volcanic eruption. Keys’ conclusion, based partly on local evidence, is that the culprit was Krakatua, and the 535-536AD eruption was more severe than the 18th century one. Lovelock is a defeatist, although he claims to be an optimist. He does tend to blow his own trumpet – he attributes himself more prescience than I think is warrented. And it’s all very well for him to “Enjoy life while [he] can”. On the other hand, I’m a pessimist. I doubt we’ll adequately deal with global warming before it starts to hurt, at which point more and greater pain is inevitable. In this case the cost will be huge, but saying we’ll be reduced to a single “breeding pair in the arctic” is delusional. Yet I believe that it is possible for us to avoid the worst, although some effects of climate change are now inevitable. I just don’t believe we’ll do it – too many vested interests. However, I’m determined to do my bit to help minimise the damage. Re 9 The list of major eruptions in the alst 12,000 years is clearly incomplete. Half occur after 1000AD and 25% after 1800AD. It’s very easy to image a few VEI 7s (i.e. Tambora-sized eruptions) being missed. Pierre Gosselin claims that trying to address global warming (GW) can only be done cold turkey? NO one, and I mean NO major scientist or Government or major agency has ever claimed that we must go cold turkey on all oil/coal power sources to solve GW. So what is the person’s point besides stupid alarmism to attack other peoples ideas? Yes, there is a range of options that people propose, some more aggressive then others but none even remotely that extreme but to make a false straw man to attack GW and other people’s thoughtful idea’s is a typical, immature response to an otherwise intelligent forum. RE: Volcano Tours For all the latest info on volcanos and tours to them: GO:. Lots of useful info here. If you happen to have a few grand in spare change, a tour to a volcano would be a really nice alternative to the standard vacation to tropical resorts. Be prepared to rough it, however. The tours go out to the volcano where you camp out for 4-5 days while you explore the volcano and hike around the area. What’s really interesting is the list of active volcanos. Pretty scary since any one of them could undergo a major eruption, like The Son of Krakatoa. Re: Abbe Mac.it’s true what Pierre says that suddenly going cold turkey will be economic suicide. We cant go cold turkey anyway.the infrastructure just isn’t there and wont be for decades. We can’t even decide upon a tough carbon trading scheme. We are still stuck in the committe level of progress. Logically I share your sentiments but I also realise that I must do my level best as well- I’ve got a 2 year old son who deserves a decent future. Either way our ship has reached the other reaches of one hell of a hurricane.a ‘perfect storm’ whether we come out the other side or not depends on our united stewardship.not many disparate captains pulling the ship in all directions. We have to realise also that whatever we do to mitigate CC we will still get sucked helplessly towards the eye of the storm.it’s going to get progressively worse and worse for a hundred years or more and the oceans for another thousand plus. What we do need ‘NOW’ is definite emmission goals set by every country. I believe the world bank will have to compensate poorer countries to meet their short/medium and long term goals. We must also allow flexibily in those goals as well.as more up to date reports in the future from the IPCC and other bodies saying we must do more to but the brakes on.this must be heeded by world govs to bring forward their goalsthere is going to be an enormous economic cost.not too many are denying that.but what’s the point of maintaining a robust economy if the world’s dying? 13: I personally thought Lovelocks predictions 2020 and 2040 to be beyond the pale doomster stuff. I think I understand Hansen, and I don’t think he says that post tipping point feedbacks would be anything near that rapid. Hansen is more concerned with what will happen in say 50 to a few hundred years. I don’t think we are looking for a super-eruption. My understanding of the term is that supereruptions are Yellowstone or Toba sized events involving roughly 1000 KM**3 magma. The world probably only sees a supereruption about once per hundred thousand years. 536, is probably much less significant. Why does the presence of sulfates rule out impacts (iceballs or hardballs)? I mean I understand reasonably well enough that volcanic eruptions produce sulfur compounds that would show up in the ice cores. But why couldn’t an impact produce the same compounds? Massive fires of either peat or forests resulting from an impact would seem to create similar releases of sulfur. From the massive fires over Indonesia recently – we saw the impact of that on the atmosphere. I’m not questioning the conclusion – purely interest on my part. I’ve always had a passing interest in the time period – from Arthurian legends, collapse of civilization, Plague of Justinian, etc. And so whether or not the critical event of 535-6 was a comet or volcano would seem interesting – I’ve always been fond of the theory that a comet struck Western Europe. 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July 2018
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