The Sign Off (SIGNOFF) command ends an interactive job or causes all jobs in a group to end. You enter this command to sign off at a work station. Restrictions: This command is valid only in an interactive job. If the SIGNOFF command is issued in a CL program, all subsequent commands in the CL program are bypassed. Your session has ended. Thank you for using Online Banking. Sign-off is a requirement for getting patches into the Linux kernel and a few other projects, but most projects don't actually use it. It was introduced in the wake of the, (and, most of which they never actually took to court), as a. It is used to say that you certify that you have created the patch in question, or that you certify that to the best of your knowledge, it was created under an appropriate open-source license, or that it has been provided to you by someone else under those terms. This can help establish a chain of people who take responsibility for the copyright status of the code in question, to help ensure that copyrighted code not released under an appropriate free software (open source) license is not included in the kernel. @Leif Mere authorship information is not sufficient. I might have written a patch, but if I based it on some code from Unix, I wouldn't have permission to release it under the GPL (at least without signoff from someone higher up). Or, a patch may make it between several different maintainers before winding up in the kernel tree; the signoff indicates the chain of custody. Read the certificate of origin that I linked to; that's what it means when you add a signoff line. The 'Author' header may be inaccurate, and doesn't necessarily imply agreement with everything in the certificate of origin. – Dec 31 '10 at 21:43 43. @HRJ The genuineness of a signed-off is actually on you (commiter). Not on author, neither on the signed off himself. If later someone (mainly the signed off) dispute its not valid, you better have with you a email or something that proves he agreed to it. Commiter may say he did not commit such blob IF the blob is not GPG signed (IMHO a weak defense, but.). In this case, the commiter can use -S to close the circle. Now with -S and -s you have a chain of custody based on the commiter's word, that the code written by some author is authorized to be used by some signed-off higher up. – Nov 9 '14 at 15:08. Sign-off is a line at the end of the commit message which certifies who is the author of the commit. Its main purpose is to improve tracking of who did what, especially with patches. Example: Made an update to xyz. Signed-off-by: Super Developer It should contain the user real name if used for an open-source project. If branch maintainer need to slightly modify patches in order to merge them, he could ask the submitter to rediff, but it would be counter-productive. He can adjust the code and put his sign-off at the end so the author still gets credit for the patch and not the introduced bugs. Made an update to xyz. Signed-off-by: Super Developer [[email protected]: renamed methods according to naming conventions.] Signed-off-by: Uber Developer Source. Update on the above: it turns out that I missed something in my last reply, and so I underestimated this answer. The author is partially correct about “adjusting the code”, but puts the wrong emphasis on the “sign-off” trailer. The documentation says that you should add a bracketed trailer (as in the example in the answer) which informs about that. So the the sign-off in conjunction with that can be used to add small changes by people like the integrator/maintainer. But the sign-off still serves mainly as what I’ve described. – Dec 15 '16 at 12:50. Git 2.7.1 (February 2016) clarifies that in (05 Jan 2016). (Merged by in, 05 Feb 2016) now includes: -s:: --signoff:: Add Signed-off-by line by the committer at the end of the commit log message. The meaning of a signoff depends on the project, but it typically certifies that committer has the rights to submit this work under the same license and agrees to a Developer Certificate of Origin (see for more information). Expand documentation describing --signoff Modify various document (man page) files to explain in more detail what --signoff means. This was inspired by ' (Developer Certificate of Origin) where paulj noted: The issue I have with DCO is that there adding a ' -s' argument to git commit doesn't really mean you have even heard of the DCO ( the git commit man page makes no mention of the DCO anywhere), never mind actually seen it. So how can the presence of ' signed-off-by' in any way imply the sender is agreeing to and committing to the DCO? Combined with fact I've seen replies on lists to patches without SOBs that say nothing more than 'Resend this with signed-off-by so I can commit it'. Extending git's documentation will make it easier to argue that developers understood --signoff when they use it. Note that this signoff is now (for Git 2.15.x/2.16, Q1 2018) available for git pull as well. See (12 Oct 2017). (Merged by in, 06 Nov 2017) pull: pass --signoff/--no-signoff to ' git merge' merge can take --signoff, but without pull passing --signoff down, it is inconvenient to use; allow ' pull' to take the option and pass it through. Even with the git commit documentation (at last) referencing the document the -s flag is intending to indicate knowledge and agreement/assent/??? To, I believe the SOB is legally very weak. SOB was, I think at least, invented by Linus to solve a social problem in that others were advocating for high-overhead bureaucracy. Linus didn't want anything, but came up with that to shut them up. As far as I can tell, lawyers would not advise you to invest much, if any, faith in it. (I am 'paulj' on LWN). – Dec 5 '16 at 1:56 1. There are some nice answers on this question. I’ll try to add a more broad answer, namely about what these kinds of lines/headers/trailers are about in current practice. Not so much about the sign-off header in particular (it’s not the only one). Headers or trailers (↑1) like “sign-off” (↑2) is, in current practice in projects like Git and Linux, effectively structured metadata for the commit. These are all appended to the end of the commit message, after the “free form” (unstructured) part of the body of the message. These are token–value (or key–value) pairs typically delimited by a colon and a space (:␣). Like I mentioned, “sign-off” is not the only trailer in current practice. See for example, which has to do with “Dirty Cow”: mm: remove gup_flags FOLL_WRITE games from __get_user_pages() This is an ancient bug that was actually attempted to be fixed once (badly) by me eleven years ago in commit 4ceb5db9757a ('Fix get_user_pages() race for write access') but that was then undone due to problems on s390 by commit f33ea7f404e5 ('fix get_user_pages bug'). In the meantime, the s390 situation has long been fixed, and we can now fix it by checking the pte_dirty() bit properly (and do it better). The s390 dirty bit was implemented in abf09bed3cce ('s390/mm: implement software dirty bits') which made it into v3.9. Earlier kernels will have to look at the page state itself. Also, the VM has become more scalable, and what used a purely theoretical race back then has become easier to trigger. To fix it, we introduce a new internal FOLL_COW flag to mark the 'yes, we already did a COW' rather than play racy games with FOLL_WRITE that is very fundamental, and then use the pte dirty flag to validate that the FOLL_COW flag is still valid. Signoff 'Signoff' Is Not a Verb Despite what many people --mostly in the computer field-- think, 'signoff' is not a verb. It's simply not. Whether or not 'signoff' is a word at all may spark a debate in some circles, but assuming it is then it may act as many parts of speech, but not as a verb. I will repeat the important part for clarity: 'signoff' is not a verb. It's simply not. This site is dedicated to educating people about the common misuses of words like 'signoff.' It is meant for both non-native speakers who may not know any better, and for native speakers who should know better but don't. It is in no way a substitute for a real education. Poor grammar is an excellent way to make any presentation sound stupid --or program look sloppy-- so if you intend to use this language much then it behooves you to learn it properly. For clarity, I need to point out that this has nothing to do with verbification, or 'verbing.' It is completely natural for nouns to become verbs and verbs to become nouns; the problem this site addresses is the manner in which that happens for a particular category of word or phrase. This is not an attempt to arrest the evolution of the language, but to correct mistakes. It is possible to conjugate verbs. They can change tense and mood. They can change number and person. You will see how even basic conjugation fails for 'signoff.' Here are some examples with the verb 'conjugate.' If you doubt that 'conjugate' is a verb (or need to look up what it means), definitions from and agree. Note that, as with many verbs, noun forms exist. Here we're using the verb form. Singular Plural Person Pronoun Verb Pronoun Verb 1 st I conjugated we conjugated 2 nd you conjugated you [all] conjugated 3 rd he/she/it conjugated they conjugated The past tense is easy to form with a weak verb like 'conjugate.' This is normal behavior for a verb. English has more complicated verbs, like irregular and strong verbs, but those are generally the oldest verbs in the language. New verbs are regular and weak. Verb: 'Signoff' (?) As a new verb, 'signoff' should follow the regular, weak model that 'conjugate' exemplifies. Unfortunately, it does not. Singular Plural Person Pronoun Verb Pronoun Verb 1 st I signoffed we signoffed 2 nd you signoffed you [all] signoffed 3 rd he/she/it signoffed they signoffed Unfortunately, not a single one of those sounds right. It seems that 'signoff' can't change tense or conjugate like a normal verb. Many older verbs are strong verbs, meaning they change tense by modifying an internal vowel or diphthong. As you will see, it doesn't behave like a strong verb, either. Compare the above behavior to the strong verb 'sing:'. Present Past I sing I sang I run I ran I meet I met See how the strong verb forms its past participle by changing an internal vowel (instead of adding 'ed' at the end, for example). 'Signoff' does not do that, so it's not a strong verb. Some grammarians will call this a 'phrasal' or 'two-part' verb, but this is mostly because some grammarians are seeking tenure at their university posts and must publish anything they can to get or keep that coveted teaching spot. Similar motivation has created definitions for 'compound verbs' and 'stretched verbs' --all different kinds of verbs, supposedly. Essentially, though, a two-part verb must have two parts and signoff only has one. The following list of signoff's component parts demonstrates this fact. • Part 1: signoff • Part 2: Having only one part, signoff cannot be a two-part verb. Someone may make the case that it is irregular. By definition, irregular verbs do not follow rules and have strange conjugations ('I am,' 'you are,' 'he is'), but look at how it behaves. Singular Plural Person Pronoun Verb Pronoun Verb 1 st I signed off we signed off 2 nd you signed off you [all] signed off 3 rd he/she/it signed off they signed off It appears the verb is 'sign,' which behaves like a regular weak verb (doubling the final consonant is normal: sag => sagged, dip => dipped) in both American and English. The verb form is not a verb at all, but an idiom of a verb and a preposition, like 'break down' or 'shake up.' In fairness to some grammarians, this kind of idiom sometimes has the name 'phrasal verb' or 'two-part verb.' It's true that most idioms of this kind use strong verbs, since they come from Old Norse influence on the language over a thousand years ago. That makes the 'sign off' idiom unusual, but far more plausible than pretending that we have an irregular verb 'signoff' with something like 'signdoff' as a past participle. No other verb in the American language behaves that way. Even in the arcane, deprecated predecessor of American (English), no verb behaves that way. As I indicated earlier, I'm sure you can find purists who will argue 'signoff' is not a word at all. For the sake of discussion, I will assume it is a word because I do not care one way or another. Let's look at some possibilities: Adjectives describe nouns. Let's put 'signoff' with some other adjectives ('stupid' and 'alabaster') to see how well they play with each other. Owned I have a signoff. Modified I have a secret signoff. 'Signoff,' it seems, works as a noun. Clearly 'signoff' is not a verb. It's simply not. If it is any part of speech at all, it is a noun. While we did not explore every possible part of speech, we saw with certainty that 'signoff' is not a verb. It's simply not. If you take only one thing away from this page, take that one fact: 'signoff' is not a verb. Educate others. Correct manuals, software, and web pages as you find them. Tell everyone you know that 'signoff' is not a verb. You will make a pedant (me) happy. You will earn the respect of grammar nazis. Most importantly, you will know the truth. Magnanimousness demands that I offer solutions, or correct forms of some of the common abuses of 'signoff' Here are some suggestions, assuming you prefer to use 'signoff' as a word rather than take a more conservative approach and insist the proper form is 'sign off' or 'sign-in.' Common Misuse Correction Can you signoff? Can you sign off? I tried to signoff.... I tried to sign off.... Enter your name at the signoff prompt. (This is acceptable) Please signoff again. Please sign off again. What Next What you do with this information is, of course, your choice. As I mentioned above, however, the ideal choice is to use this knowledge for good and correct errors. The more correct examples people see, the more people will stop believing the lie that this is a verb. You can also continue your education by learning about. For entertainment you can read to the argument that signoff really is a verb and the language simply has evolved. © 2006 - 2017 notaverb.com Link, quote, reference, and share freely. Be a grown-up and give credit, though. Thanks to Mark Pettit for the corrections to the 'checkout' page. Thanks to Nathanial Jones for the. Thanks to someone whose email I deleted before I could record his name for his suggestion to add a note on prepositions. Thanks to John Goodman for the correction on 'carryout' in the index. Thanks to several people on for observing I need to clarify that the site is not about 'verbing,' just about correct use of a word/phrase. Contents • • • • • English [ ] Noun [ ] ( plural ) • ( broadcasting ) The of a or station's studios and cessation of the broadcasting signal, usually overnight. Sign off for the small-town radio station was at midnight. Verb [ ] ( third-person singular simple present, present participle, simple past and past participle ) • ( ) To; to stop using a,, etc., especially to stop. He finished the conversation and signed off. • ( broadcasting ) To cease broadcasting a radio or television signal, usually at the end of a broadcasting day. Before he signed off the radio station for the night, the disc jockey played the National Anthem. • ( followed by “on” ) to give one's official to something for which it is needed Once the vice-president signs off on the project, we can start construction. Antonyms [ ] • Anagrams [ ] •.
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Quick Facts: Human Resources Specialists $59,180 per year $28.45 per hour Bachelor's degree None None 547,800 7% (As fast as average) 38,700 Human resources specialists recruit, screen, interview, and place workers. They often handle other human resources work, such as those related to employee relations, compensation and benefits, and training. Human resources specialists generally work in offices. Some, particularly recruitment specialists, travel extensively to attend job fairs, visit college campuses, and meet with applicants. Most human resources specialists work full time during regular business hours. Applicants must usually have a bachelor’s degree in human resources, business, or a related field. However, the level of education and experience required varies by position and employer. The median annual wage for human resources specialists was $59,180 in May 2016. Employment of human resources specialists is projected to grow 7 percent from 2016 to 2026, about as fast as the average for all occupations. Human resources specialists will be needed to handle increasingly complex employment laws and healthcare coverage options. Most growth is projected to be in the employment services industry. Explore resources for employment and wages by state and area for human resources specialists. Compare the job duties, education, job growth, and pay of human resources specialists with similar occupations. Learn more about human resources specialists by visiting additional resources, including O*NET, a source on key characteristics of workers and occupations. Recruitment specialists may distribute information at job fairs or online. Human resources specialists recruit, screen, interview, and place workers. They often handle tasks related to employee relations, compensation and benefits, and training. Employment interviewers speak with applicants and ask them questions before referring them to appropriate jobs. Human resources specialists held about 547,800 jobs in 2016. The largest employers of human resources specialists were as follows: Employment services 16% Professional, scientific, and technical services 13 Government 12 Healthcare and social assistance 10 Manufacturing 8 Some organizations contract recruitment and placement work to outside firms, such as those in the employment services industry or consulting firms in the professional, scientific, and technical industry. Work Schedules Human resources specialists generally work in offices. Some, particularly recruitment specialists, travel extensively to attend job fairs, visit college campuses, and meet with applicants. Most specialists work full time during regular business hours. Human resources specialists must usually have a bachelor’s degree in human resources, business, or a related field. Human resources specialists usually must have a bachelor’s degree. Education Applicants seeking positions as a human resources specialist usually must have a bachelor’s degree in human resources, business, or a related field. Coursework typically includes business, industrial relations, psychology, professional writing, human resource management, and accounting. Work Experience in a Related Occupation Some positions, particularly human resources generalists, may require previous work experience. Candidates can gain experience as human resources assistants, in customer service positions, or in other related jobs. Licenses, Certifications, and Registrations Many professional associations that specialize in human resources offer courses intended to enhance the skills of their members, and some offer certification programs. For example, the (SHRM) offers the SHRM Certified Professional (SHRM-CP) and SHRM Senior Certified Professional (SHRM-SCP). In addition, the (HRCI) offers a range of certifications for varying levels of expertise. Certification usually requires passing an exam, and candidates typically need to meet minimum education and experience requirements. Exams check for human resources knowledge and how candidates apply their knowledge and judgment to different situations. Although certification is usually voluntary, some employers may prefer or require it. Human resources generalists, in particular, can benefit from certification because it shows knowledge and professional competence across all human resources areas. Advancement Human resources specialists who possess a thorough knowledge of their organization, as well as an understanding of regulatory compliance needs, can advance to become. Specialists can increase their chance of advancement by completing voluntary certification programs. Important Qualities Communication skills. Listening and speaking skills are essential for human resources specialists. They must convey information effectively, and pay careful attention to questions and concerns from job applicants and employees. Decisionmaking skills. Human resources specialists use decisionmaking skills when reviewing candidates’ qualifications or when working to resolve disputes. Detail oriented. Specialists must be detail oriented when evaluating applicants’ qualifications, performing background checks, maintaining records of an employee grievance, and ensuring that a workplace is in compliance with labor standards. Interpersonal skills. Specialists continually interact with new people and must be able to converse and connect with people from different backgrounds. Note: All Occupations includes all occupations in the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Employment Statistics The median annual wage for human resources specialists was $59,180 in May 2016. The median wage is the wage at which half the workers in an occupation earned more than that amount and half earned less. The lowest 10 percent earned less than $34,770, and the highest 10 percent earned more than $101,420. In May 2016, the median annual wages for human resources specialists in the top industries in which they worked were as follows: Professional, scientific, and technical services $65,850 Government 64,120 Manufacturing 61,660 Employment services 51,100 Healthcare and social assistance 50,580 Many human resources specialists, particularly recruitment specialists, travel extensively to attend job fairs, visit college campuses, and meet with applicants. Most specialists work full time during regular business hours. Note: All Occupations includes all occupations in the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Employment Projections program Employment of human resources specialists is projected to grow 7 percent from 2016 to 2026, about as fast as the average for all occupations. Companies are likely to continue to outsource human resources functions to organizations that provide these services, rather than directly employing human resources specialists. In addition, the services of human resources generalists will likely be needed to handle increasingly complex employment laws and benefit options. However, employment of human resources specialists will be tempered as companies make better use of available technologies. Rather than sending recruiters to colleges and job fairs, for example, some employers are increasingly conducting their entire recruiting process online. In addition, administrative tasks are more efficient with software that allows workers to quickly manage, process, or update human resources information. Job Prospects Job prospects for human resources specialists are expected to be favorable, particularly in companies that provide human resources services to other organizations. Overall, candidates with a bachelor’s degree and professional certification should have the best job prospects. Employment projections data for human resources specialists, 2016-26 Occupational Title SOC Code Employment, 2016 Projected Employment, 2026 Change, 2016-26 Employment by Industry Percent Numeric SOURCE: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Employment Projections program Human resources specialists 13-1071 547,800 586,400 7 38,700. State & Area Data Occupational Employment Statistics (OES) The (OES) program produces employment and wage estimates annually for over 800 occupations. These estimates are available for the nation as a whole, for individual states, and for metropolitan and nonmetropolitan areas. The link(s) below go to OES data maps for employment and wages by state and area. • Projections Central Occupational employment projections are developed for all states by Labor Market Information (LMI) or individual state Employment Projections offices. All state projections data are available. Information on this site allows projected employment growth for an occupation to be compared among states or to be compared within one state. In addition, states may produce projections for areas; there are links to each state’s websites where these data may be retrieved. CareerOneStop CareerOneStop includes hundreds of with data available by state and metro area. There are links in the left-hand side menu to compare occupational employment by state and occupational wages by local area or metro area. There is also a to search for wages by zip code. Compensation, benefits, and job analysis specialists conduct an organization’s compensation and benefits programs. They also evaluate position descriptions to determine details such as classification and salary. Bachelor's degree $62,080 Customer service representatives interact with customers to handle complaints, process orders, and provide information about an organization’s products and services. High school diploma or equivalent $32,300 Human resources managers plan, direct, and coordinate the administrative functions of an organization. They oversee the recruiting, interviewing, and hiring of new staff; consult with top executives on strategic planning; and serve as a link between an organization’s management and its employees. Bachelor's degree $106,910 Insurance sales agents contact potential customers and sell one or more types of insurance. Insurance sales agents explain various insurance policies and help clients choose plans that suit them. High school diploma or equivalent $49,990 Labor relations specialists interpret and administer labor contracts regarding issues such as wages and salaries, healthcare, pensions, and union and management practices. Bachelor's degree $62,310 Public relations specialists create and maintain a favorable public image for the organization they represent. They craft media releases and develop social media programs to shape public perception of their organization and to increase awareness of its work and goals. Bachelor's degree $58,020 Tax examiners and collectors, and revenue agents determine how much is owed in taxes and collect tax from individuals and businesses on behalf of federal, state, and local governments. They review tax returns, conduct audits, identify taxes owed, and collect overdue tax payments. Bachelor's degree $52,060 Training and development managers oversee staff and plan, direct, and coordinate programs to enhance the knowledge and skills of an organization’s employees. Bachelor's degree $105,830 Training and development specialists help plan, conduct, and administer programs that train employees and improve their skills and knowledge. Bachelor's degree $59,020. Pay The Pay tab describes typical earnings and how workers in the occupation are compensated—annual salaries, hourly wages, commissions, tips, or bonuses. Within every occupation, earnings vary by experience, responsibility, performance, tenure, and geographic area. For most profiles, this tab has a table with wages in the major industries employing the occupation. It does not include pay for self-employed workers, agriculture workers, or workers in private households because these data are not collected by the Occupational Employment Statistics (OES) survey, the source of BLS wage data in the OOH. 7 Virtual ImagePrinter is a popular, free (gpl) Windows program, that belongs to the category with subcategory Printing and has been published by Tariel Ibadov. 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Our built-in antivirus scanned this download and rated it as virus free. Commonly, this program's installer has the following filenames: Amadis DVD Audio Ripper.exe and VideoConverter.exe etc. Amadis DVD Audio Ripper lies within Multimedia Tools, more precisely Editors & Converters. The most popular versions among Amadis DVD Audio Ripper users are 3.9, 3.8 and 3.7. Amadis DVD Audio Ripper is a powerful and easy DVD ripper application for converting DVDs to all most audio format(wav,mp2,mp3,ac3,ra.) with excellent output quality. You can enjoy your favorite DVD audio in anywhere. With integrated advanced audio encoder, it is faster than other DVD Ripper software, and just a few clicks is enough. Amadis DVD Audio Ripper supports batch file processing. You can check the chapters or videos you want to convert and convert them one by one, alse can select any audio track as you want. 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When you click 'Open DVD', the folder look like: (Please select 'VIDEO_TS') Step 5: Ripper task select Following you need to choose the video clip or chapters for converting by checking the check-box. (the default select all) (NOTE: When the video is checked, the chapters don't ripper individually.). Setp 7: Start ripping Now, let's go, click 'Start' button to start converting. When you want to stop ripping, click 'Stop' button. Video conversion is really a long time job,the conversion could be 2-3 hours, or 10-20 hours, depending on your system specs,with automatically shutdown feature,you can just go to sleep,let your computer do all the jobs and automatically shutdown when all jobs are done. Setp 8: Ripper OK Software Features: 1. Copying DVD to VCD, Encoding to MPEG1 2. Copying DVD to SVCD, Encoding to MPEG2 3. Copying DVD to AVI, DivX, Xvid and other codec support 4. Great video audio quality to smaller file and without losing quality, only 10% size 5. Automatically shutdown computer after long time conversion 6. Supports preview when ripping 7. Easy-to-use interface and support skin 8. Supports ripping DVD by custom file size 9. Auto-splits output file to several files to fit CD-R 10. Allows you to select target subtitle and audio track 11. Remove macrovision protection 12. Support protected DVD (Professional only) Main Functions: Purchase: RegNow Secure Ordering - 100% Secure Purchase The order process is protected through a secure connection.Your personal data is encrypted and cannot be accessed by a third party. We do not record your credit card information. You can select the payment type such as credit card, switch/solo, bank/wire transfer, check, cash. Keywords: DVD to VCD, DVD to MPEG1, DVD to SVCD to MPEG2, DVD to AVI, DVD to DivX, DVD to Xvid, Protected DVD Ripper, Copying Protected DVD, Ripping Protected DVD Screenshot: click the images to enlarge. 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Amadis DVD Audio Ripper SE provides all the tools you need for pulling sound from DVDs and video files. It works well, but legalities keep things slightly muddled and limit your choices. The program's interface is sleek and professional-looking, with a series of intuitive commands that never left us feeling lost. You simply choose a video file from your computer or an entire DVD to pull audio from, and Amadis does the rest. You have the option to save audio tracks as a WMA, MP3, or AAC file. However, Amadis wouldn't let us rip copyrighted material, such as a DVD from a professional studio. This shortened our options considerably, basically limiting them to homemade DVDs and unprotected video files. However, the program converted those files quickly, in about a third of the actual running time, and returned a crisp audio document of the video. This would probably be a bad choice for movies but seems as if it would work especially well with concert footage or a lecture since such performances translate well to audio formats. The program also provides a nice feature for editing the videos so your audio files only include precisely what you want. Amadis DVD Audio Ripper only converts 30 percent of a video during its trial period. Though its inability to rip copyrighted material limits your choices, it still performs well, and we recommend it. Full Specifications What's new in version 3.9.3 Version 3.9.3 fixes some minor bugs. General Publisher Publisher web site Release Date January 06, 2011 Date Added January 17, 2011 Version 3.9.3 Category Category Subcategory Operating Systems Operating Systems Windows 98/Me/NT/2000/XP/Vista/7 Additional Requirements None Download Information File Size 8.4MB File Name amadis-dvd-audio-rip-cnet.exe Popularity Total Downloads 3,068 Downloads Last Week 0 Pricing License Model Free to try Limitations 30% ripping trial Price $34.95. • • • E-commerce is a transaction of buying or selling online. Electronic commerce draws on technologies such as,,,,, (EDI),, and automated systems. Modern electronic commerce typically uses the for at least one part of the transaction's life cycle although it may also use other technologies such as. Typical e-commerce transactions include the purchase of online books (such as ) and music purchases ( in the form of such as ), and to a less extent, customized/personalized online services. There are three areas of e-commerce: online retail, electric markets, and online auctions. E-commerce is supported. Contents • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • Timeline [ ] A timeline for the development of e-commerce: • 1971 or 1972: The is used to arrange a cannabis sale between students at the and the, later described as 'the seminal act of e-commerce' in 's book. • 1979: demonstrates the first system. • 1981: Thomson Holidays UK is the first business-to-business online shopping system to be installed. • 1982: was introduced nationwide in France by and used for online ordering. • 1983: holds first hearing on 'electronic commerce' in Volcano, California. Testifying are CPUC, MCI Mail, Prodigy, CompuServe, Volcano Telephone, and Pacific Telesis. (Not permitted to testify is Quantum Technology, later to become AOL.) • 1984: SIS/ is first B2C online shopping system and Mrs Snowball, 72, is the first online home shopper • 1984: In April 1984, launches the Electronic Mall in the USA and Canada. It is the first comprehensive electronic commerce service. • 1989: In May 1989, Sequoia Data Corp. Introduced Compumarket The first internet based system for e-commerce. Sellers and buyers could post items for sale and buyers could search the database and make purchases with a credit card. • 1990: writes the first web browser,, using a computer. • 1992: in Cleveland opens a commercial sales website (www.books.com) selling books online with credit card processing. • 1993: Paget Press releases edition No. 3 of the first [ ], The • 1994: releases the Navigator browser in October under the code name. 1.0 is introduced in late 1994 with encryption that made transactions secure. • 1994: becomes the first software available online for sale and immediate download via a partnership between and. • 1994: 'Ten Summoner's Tales' by Sting becomes the first secure online purchase through. • 1995: The US lifts its former strict prohibition of commercial enterprise on the Internet. • 1995: Thursday 27 April 1995, the purchase of a book by Paul Stanfield, Product Manager for UK, from 's shop within CompuServe's UK Shopping Centre is the UK's first national online shopping service secure transaction. The shopping service at launch featured,, /, Great Universal Stores (),,, Past Times, and Innovations. • 1995: launches and the first commercial-free 24-hour, internet-only radio stations, Radio HK and start broadcasting. Is founded by computer programmer as AuctionWeb. • 1996: B2B marketplace established in India. • 1996: B2B marketplace established in Korea. • 1996: The use of with replicated 'Storefronts' was an early implementation of electronic commerce started by a group of in and replicated to global partner sites. • 1998: can be purchased and downloaded for printing from the Web. • 1999: is established in China. Sold for US $7.5 million to eCompanies, which was purchased in 1997 for US $149,000. The peer-to-peer filesharing software launches. Launches to sell decorative items for the home online. • 1999: Global e-commerce reaches $150 billion • 2000: Complete Idiot's Guide to e-commerce released on Amazon • 2000: The. • 2001: achieved profitability in December 2001. • 2002: acquires for $1.5 billion. Niche retail companies and are founded with the concept of selling products through several targeted domains, rather than a central portal. • 2003: posts first yearly profit. • 2003: B2B marketplace established in China. • 2004:, China's first online b2b transaction platform, is established, forcing other b2b sites to move away from the ' model. • 2007: acquired by for $345 million. • 2009: acquired by for $928 million. Retail Convergence, operator of private sale website RueLaLa.com, acquired by for $180 million, plus up to $170 million in earn-out payments based on performance through 2012. • 2010: reportedly rejects a $6 billion offer from. Instead, the group buying websites went ahead with an on 4 November 2011. It was the largest IPO since Google. • 2012: was founded and started operations around Asia. • 2014: processes over $1 million in sales. India's e-commerce industry is estimated to have grown more than 30% from 2012 to $12.6 billion in 2013. US e-commerce and Online Retail sales projected to reach $294 billion, an increase of 12 percent over 2013 and 9% of all retail sales. Has the largest ever, worth $25 billion. • 2015: accounts for more than half of all e-commerce growth, selling almost 500 Million SKU's in the US. • 2016: aided more than 10,000 sellers to generate more than $1 million of annual sales. • 2016: buys for $3.3 billion • 2017: On march Amazon.com acquired the bigest e-commerce website in Middle East ( Egypt, KSA and UAE). Business application [ ]. • in and logistics • Domestic and international • • • • • • and • • • • • • • • • Governmental regulation [ ] In the United States, certain electronic commerce activities are regulated by the (FTC). These activities include but not limit to the use of commercial e-mails, online advertising and. The establishes national standards for direct marketing over e-mail. The regulates all forms of advertising, including online advertising, and states that advertising must be truthful and non-deceptive. Using its authority under Section 5 of the FTC Act, which prohibits unfair or deceptive practices, the FTC has brought a number of cases to enforce the promises in corporate privacy statements, including promises about the security of consumers' personal information. As a result, any corporate privacy policy related to e-commerce activity may be subject to enforcement by the FTC. The Ryan Haight Online Pharmacy Consumer Protection Act of 2008, which came into law in 2008, amends the to address. Conflict of laws in cyberspace is a major hurdle for harmonization of legal framework for e-commerce around the world. In order to give a uniformity to e-commerce law around the world, many countries adopted the UNCITRAL Model Law on Electronic Commerce (1996). Internationally there is the International Consumer Protection and Enforcement Network (ICPEN), which was formed in 1991 from an informal network of government customer fair trade organisations. The purpose was stated as being to find ways of co-operating on tackling consumer problems connected with cross-border transactions in both goods and services, and to help ensure exchanges of information among the participants for mutual benefit and understanding. From this came Econsumer.gov, an ICPEN initiative since April 2001. It is a portal to report complaints about online and related transactions with foreign companies. There is also Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) was established in 1989 with the vision of achieving stability, security and prosperity for the region through free and open trade and investment. APEC has an Electronic Commerce Steering Group as well as working on common privacy regulations throughout the APEC region. In Australia, Trade is covered under Australian Treasury Guidelines for electronic commerce, and the regulates and offers advice on how to deal with businesses online, and offers specific advice on what happens if things go wrong. In the United Kingdom, The (FSA) was formerly the regulating authority for most aspects of the EU's (PSD), until its replacement in 2013 by the and the. The UK implemented the PSD through the Payment Services Regulations 2009 (PSRs), which came into effect on 1 November 2009. The PSR affects firms providing payment services and their customers. These firms include banks, non-bank credit card issuers and non-bank merchant acquirers, e-money issuers, etc. The PSRs created a new class of regulated firms known as payment institutions (PIs), who are subject to prudential requirements. Article 87 of the PSD requires the European Commission to report on the implementation and impact of the PSD by 1 November 2012. In India, the governs the basic applicability of. The most recent release by Google penalizes many e-commerce sites (including Magento) for non-structured keyword stuffing, poorly organized links and more. While Google's rules can sometimes seem a bit arbitrary, this Vertical Response article is a great primer on the most recent releases of Google. It is especially. Many people believe that an eye-catching e-commerce design and a professional backend programing is more than enough. However, this is a fundamental error committed by many 'fresh' web site owners. E-commerce marketing involves writing a piece of code that will help it in obtaining high rankings on the major. Good and Bad Ecommerce UX Design Trends for Ecommerce Site Owners. Today we are experiencing advent of ecommerce technologies and a steep rise in ecommerce usage thanks to mobile revolution or evolution! The trend towards online shopping is favoring ecommerce web. Apr 10, 2017. Many sites take advantage of pay-per-click advertising, social media channels, and search engine optimization to boost site traffic and sales. But on top of these tried-and-true strategies, what else can you do? I spoke to e-commerce site owners to get their advice on marketing opportunities you don't want. In China, the Telecommunications Regulations of the People's Republic of China (promulgated on 25 September 2000), stipulated the (MIIT) as the government department regulating all telecommunications related activities, including electronic commerce. On the same day, The Administrative Measures on Internet Information Services released, is the first administrative regulation to address profit-generating activities conducted through the Internet, and lay the foundation for future regulations governing e-commerce in China. On 28 August 2004, the eleventh session of the tenth NPC Standing Committee adopted The Electronic Signature Law, which regulates data message, electronic signature authentication and legal liability issues. It is considered the first law in China's e-commerce legislation. It was a milestone in the course of improving China's electronic commerce legislation, and also marks the entering of China's rapid development stage for electronic commerce legislation. Forms [ ] Contemporary electronic commerce can be classified into categories. The first category is business based on types of goods sold (involves everything from ordering 'digital' content for immediate online consumption, to ordering conventional goods and services, to 'meta' services to facilitate other types of electronic commerce). The second category is based on the nature of the participant (,, and ); On the institutional level, big corporations and financial institutions use the internet to exchange financial data to facilitate domestic and international business. And are pressing issues for electronic commerce. Aside from traditional e-commerce, the terms m-Commerce () as well (around 2013) have also been used. Global trends [ ] In 2010, the United Kingdom had the highest per capita e-commerce spending in the world. As of 2013, the Czech Republic was the European country where e-commerce delivers the biggest contribution to the enterprises´ total revenue. Almost a quarter (24%) of the country's total turnover is generated via the online channel. Among emerging economies, China's e-commerce presence continues to expand every year. With 668 million Internet users, China's online shopping sales reached $253 billion in the first half of 2015, accounting for 10% of total Chinese consumer retail sales in that period. The Chinese retailers have been able to help consumers feel more comfortable shopping online. E-commerce transactions between China and other countries increased 32% to 2.3 trillion yuan ($375.8 billion) in 2012 and accounted for 9.6% of China's total international trade. In 2013, had an e-commerce market share of 80% in China. In 2014, there were 600 million Internet users in China (twice as many as in the US), making it the world's biggest online market. China is also the largest e-commerce market in the world by value of sales, with an estimated US$899 billion in 2016. In 2013, Brazil's e-commerce was growing quickly with retail e-commerce sales expected to grow at a double-digit pace through 2014. By 2016, eMarketer expected retail e-commerce sales in Brazil to reach $17.3 billion. India has an Internet user base of about 243.2 million as of January 2014. [ ] Despite being third largest user base in world, the penetration of Internet is low compared to markets like the United States, United Kingdom or France but is growing at a much faster rate, adding around 6 million new entrants every month. [ ] In India, cash on delivery is the most preferred payment method, accumulating 75% of the e-retail activities. [ ] The India retail market is expected to rise from 2.5% in 2016 to 5% in 2020. The rate of growth of the number of internet users in the Arab countries has been rapid – 13.1% in 2015. A significant portion of the e-commerce market in the Middle East comprises people in the 30–34 year age group. Egypt has the largest number of internet users in the region, followed by Saudi Arabia and Morocco; these constitute 3/4th of the region’s share. Yet, internet penetration is low: 35% in Egypt and 65% in Saudi Arabia. E-commerce has become an important tool for small and large businesses worldwide, not only to sell to customers, but also to engage them. In 2012, e-commerce sales topped $1 trillion for the first time in history. Mobile devices are playing an increasing role in the mix of e-commerce, this is also commonly called mobile commerce, or m-commerce. In 2014, one estimate saw purchases made on mobile devices making up 25% of the market by 2017. For traditional businesses, one research stated that information technology and cross-border e-commerce is a good opportunity for the rapid development and growth of enterprises. Many companies have invested enormous volume of investment in mobile applications. The DeLone and McLean Model stated that three perspectives contribute to a successful e-business: information system quality, service quality and users' satisfaction. There is no limit of time and space, there are more opportunities to reach out to customers around the world, and to cut down unnecessary intermediate links, thereby reducing the cost price, and can benefit from one on one large customer data analysis, to achieve a high degree of personal customization strategic plan, in order to fully enhance the core competitiveness of the products in company. Logistics [ ] Logistics in e-commerce mainly concerns fulfillment. Online markets and retailers have to find the best possible way to fill orders and deliver products. Small companies usually control their own logistic operation because they do not have the ability to hire an outside company. Most large companies hire a fulfillment service that takes care of a company's logistic needs. Impact on markets and retailers [ ] E-commerce markets are growing at noticeable rates. The online market is expected to grow 56% from 2015-2020. Traditional markets are only expected 2% growth during the same time. Brick and mortar retailers are struggling because of online retailer's ability to offer lower prices and higher efficiency. Many larger retailers are able to maintain a presence offline and online by linking physical and online offerings. E-commerce allows customers to overcome geographical barriers and allows them to purchase products anytime and from anywhere. Online and traditional markets have different strategies for conducting business. Traditional retailers offer fewer assortment of products because of shelf space where, online retailers often hold no inventory but send customer orders directly to the manufacture. The pricing strategies are also different for traditional and online retailers. Traditional retailers base their prices on store traffic and the cost to keep inventory. Online retailers base prices on the speed of delivery. There are two ways for marketers to conduct business through e-commerce: fully online or online along with a brick and mortar store. Online marketers can offer lower prices, greater product selection, and high efficiency rates. Many customers prefer online markets if the products can be delivered quickly at relatively low price. However, online retailers cannot offer the physical experience that traditional retailers can. It can be difficult to judge the quality of a product without the physical experience, which may cause customers to experience product or seller uncertainty. Another issue regarding the online market is concerns about the security of online transactions. Many customers remain loyal to well-known retailers because of this issue. Security is a primary problem for e-commerce in developed and developing countries. E-commerce security is protecting business' websites and costumers from unauthorized access, use, alteration, or destruction. The type of threats include: malicious codes, unwanted programs (, ),,, and. E-commerce websites use different tools to avert security threats. These tools include,, digital certificates, and passwords. Impact on supply chain management [ ]. Main article: For a long time, companies had been troubled by the gap between the benefits which supply chain technology has and the solutions to deliver those benefits. However, the emergence of e-commerce has provided a more practical and effective way of delivering the benefits of the new supply chain technologies. E-commerce has the capability to integrate all inter-company and intra-company functions, meaning that the three flows (physical flow, financial flow and information flow) of the supply chain could be also affected by e-commerce. The affections on physical flows improved the way of product and inventory movement level for companies. For the information flows, e-commerce optimised the capacity of information processing than companies used to have, and for the financial flows, e-commerce allows companies to have more efficient payment and settlement solutions. In addition, e-commerce has a more sophisticated level of impact on supply chains: Firstly, the performance gap will be eliminated since companies can identify gaps between different levels of supply chains by electronic means of solutions; Secondly, as a result of e-commerce emergence, new capabilities such implementing ERP systems, like,, or, have helped companies to manage operations with customers and suppliers. Yet these new capabilities are still not fully exploited. Thirdly, technology companies would keep investing on new e-commerce software solutions as they are expecting investment return. Fourthly, e-commerce would help to solve many aspects of issues that companies may feel difficult to cope with, such as political barriers or cross-country changes. Finally, e-commerce provides companies a more efficient and effective way to collaborate with each other within the supply chain. Impact on employment [ ] E-commerce helps create new job opportunities due to information related services, software app and digital products. It also causes job losses. The areas with the greatest predicted job-loss are retail, postal, and travel agencies. The development of e-commerce will create jobs that require highly-skilled workers to manage large amounts of information, costumer demands, and production processes. In contrast, people with poor technical skills cannot enjoy the wages welfare. On the other hand, because e-commerce requires sufficient stocks that could be delivered to customers in time, the warehouse becomes an important element. Warehouse needs more staff to manage, supervise and organize, thus the condition of warehouse environment will be concerned by employees. Impact on customers [ ] E-commerce brings convenience for customers as they do not have to leave home and only need to browse website online, especially for buying the products which are not sold in nearby shops. It could help customers buy wider range of products and save customers’ time. Consumers also gain power through online shopping. They are able to research products and compare prices among retailers. Also, online shopping often provides sales promotion or discounts code, thus it is more price effective for customers. Moreover, e-commerce provides products’ detailed information; even the in-store staff cannot offer such detailed explanation. Customers can also review and track the order history online. However, e-commerce lacks human interaction for customers, especially who prefer face-to-face connection. Customers are also concerned with the security of online transactions and tend to remain loyal to well-know retailers. When the customer regret the purchase of a product, it involves returning goods and refunding process. This process is inconvenient as customers need to pack and post the goods. If the products are expensive, large or fragile, it refers to safety issues. Social impact [ ] E-commerce has huge impact on the economy and society. E-commerce allows for the globalization of markets and created a society based on knowledge and information. Is rapidly growing in the world, that leads to lower cost and then improves the economic efficiency and also bring along the growth of employment. Employment growth is based on the increase of jobs in specific markets related to e-commerce, such as, new products, market research, software sales, and online service. These jobs affect many countries where e-commerce is thriving. Specific institutions (education, health, government services) may also be affected by e-commerce. E-commerce is not a new industry, technically speaking, but it is creating a new economic model. Most people agree that e-commerce will positively impact economic society in the future, but in its early stages its impacts are difficult to gauge. Some have noted that e-commerce is a sort of incorporeal revolution. E-commerce has numerous social benefits: one, the cost of running an e-commerce business is very low when compared with running a physical store; two, there is no rent to pay on expensive premises; and three, business processes are simplified and less man-hours are required to run a typical business smoothly. In the area of law, education, culture and also policy, e-commerce will continue to rise in impact. E-commerce will truly take human beings into the information society. Distribution channels [ ] E-commerce has grown in importance as companies have adopted pure-click and channel systems. We can distinguish pure-click and brick-and-click channel system adopted by companies. • Pure-click or pure-play companies are those that have launched a website without any previous existence as a firm. • Bricks-and-clicks companies are those existing companies that have added an online site for e-commerce. • Click-to-brick online retailers that later open physical locations to supplement their online efforts. Examples of new systems [ ] According to research company, 'by 2017, 65.8 per cent of Britons will use smartphones'. New mobile apps such as LINE, WeChat have grown tremendously into ecosystems where hundred of millions of users and businesses can transact with one another. Recommendation [ ] The contemporary e-commerce trend recommends companies to shift the traditional business model where focus on 'standardized products, homogeneous market and long product life cycle' to the new business model where focus on 'varied and customized products'. E-commerce requires the company to have the ability to satisfy multiple needs of different customers and provide them with wider range of products. With more choices of products, the information of products for customers to select and meet their needs become crucial. In order to address the mass customization principle to the company, the use of recommender system is suggested. This system helps recommend the proper products to the customers and helps customers make the decision during the purchasing process. The recommender system could be operated through the top sellers on the website, the demographics of customers or the consumers' buying behavior. However, there are 3 main ways of recommendations: recommending products to customers directly, providing detailed products' information and showing other buyers' opinions or critiques. It is benefit for consumer experience without physical shopping. In general, recommender system is used to contact customers online and assist finding the right products they want effectively and directly. See also [ ]. • • Wienclaw, Ruth A. Research Starters: Business, 2013. EBSCO host, ezproxy.mga.edu/login?url=• Power, Michael 'Mike' (19 April 2013).. The Guardian. Retrieved 17 June 2013. • Tkacz, Ewaryst; Kapczynski, Adrian (2009).. Retrieved 28 March 2011. The first pilot system was installing in Tesco in the UK (first demonstrated in 1979 by Michael Aldrich). • 1988 Palmer.C Using IT for competitive advantage at Thomson Holidays, Long range Planning Vol 21 No.6 p26-29, Institute of Strategic Studies Journal,London- Pergamon Press [now Elsevier.B.V.] December 1988. Retrieved 17 June 2013. 16 September 2013. • Aldrich, Michael.. Retrieved 8 March 2012. 30 April 2010. Retrieved 17 June 2013. Retrieved 21 December 2012. • Geiger, Conrad.. Conrad Geiger. Archived from on 8 September 2015. • (press release). The New York Times. 12 August 1994. • (August 2005),,, 13 (8) •. Sunday Business. 6 April 1998. Retrieved 16 July 2013. • ^ Teriz, N (2011).. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences. 24: 745–753.:. Retrieved 2017-05-11. Retrieved 21 December 2012. Sino Foreign Management. Archived from on 23 February 2012. Retrieved 3 September 2011. Domain Name Wire. Retrieved 4 September 2011. 22 July 2009. Retrieved 21 December 2012. • Ahmed, Saqib Iqbal (27 October 2009).. Retrieved 6 April 2013. 3 December 2010. Retrieved 21 December 2012. 4 November 2011. From the original on 13 September 2012. Retrieved 13 September 2012. • Duryee, Tricia (2014-03-04).. Retrieved 2014-05-07. • Laus, Petronela (8 January 2014).. The Wall Street Journal India. Forrester Research. Market Watch. • BIRKNER, CHRISTINE. 'Retail Renegade.' EBSCO host, ezproxy.mga.edu/login?url=•.. 12 June 1996. Retrieved 19 August 2014. • George Parker and Brooke Masters (16 June 2010).. Financial Times. UK: Legislation. Retrieved 17 June 2013. 20 September 2000. 20 September 2000. 28 August 2004. Retrieved 2017-06-01. • Hacon, Tom.. Governor Technology. Retrieved 2013-03-04. • Robinson, James (28 October 2010).. The Guardian (report). Retrieved 21 December 2012. • Eurostat (18 June 2013). Retrieved 18 June 2013. Retrieved 2016-03-04. • Olsen, Robert (18 January 2010).. • Tong, Frank (16 September 2013).. Internet Retailer. • Steven Millward (17 September 2014).. Tech In Asia. Retrieved 17 September 2014. • Gracie, Carrie (8 September 2014).. Retrieved 13 February 2017. • Millward, Steven (18 August 2016).. Tech in Asia. Retrieved 18 August 2016. Retrieved 2017-06-09. • Eisingerich, Andreas B.; Kretschmer, Tobias (March 2008).. Harvard Business Review. • Burgess, S; Sellitto, C; Karanasios, S (2009), Effective Web Presence Solutions for Small Businesses: Strategies and Successful Implementation, IGI Global •. Retrieved 14 May 2013. • Enright, Allison.. Internet Retailer. Retrieved 2014-05-30. H.; Mclean, E. 'Measuring e-commerce success: Applying the DeLone & McLean information systems success model'. International Journal of Electronic Commerce. 9 (1): 31–47. • Bakos, Y (2001). 'The Emerging Landscape for Retail E-Commerce'. Journal of Economic Perspectives. 15 (1): 69–80.. • Kawa, Arkadiusz. 'Fulfillment Service in E-Commerce Logistics.' ['DIE FULFILLMENT-DIENSTLEISTUNG IN DER LOGISTIK DES E-HANDELS']. Logforum, vol. EBSCO host, doi:10.17270/J.LOG.2017.4.4. • ^ BBC News (2014).. Retrieved 2017-05-11. • ^ ' 'Online Retail Industry Profile: United States. Online Retail Industry Profile: United States: pp.1–36. October 2016. CS1 maint: Extra text () • Li, Zhaolin (July 2015). ' 'Online Versus Bricks-And-Mortar Retailing: A Comparison of Price, Assortment and Delivery Time '. International Journal of Production Research. 53: 3823–3835 – via EBSCOhost. • Dimkota, Angelika (June 2012). ' 'On Product Uncertainty in Online Markets: Theory and Evidence '. MIS Quarterly. 36: 395–A15 – via EBSCOhost. • KOHLI, GAUTAM. 'E-Commerce: Transaction Security Issue and Challenges.' CLEAR International Journal of Research in Commerce & Management, vol. EBSCO host, ezproxy.mga.edu/login?url=• ^ Delia, M. Impact of E-Commerce in Supply Chain Management. Available at:. Accessed 21 February 2015. • (Gap Inc/The) (2013-07-10).. Business week. Retrieved 2014-05-30. • Julian Huxley.. Retrieved 17 November 2016. • Munford, Monty (2016-08-26).. Retrieved 2017-05-07. • Schafer, J. Ben; Konstan, Joseph A.; Riedl, John (2001-01-01). Kohavi, Ron; Provost, Foster, eds.. Further reading [ ]. • Laudon, Kenneth C.; Guercio Traver, Carol (2014). 10th edition. • Chaudhury, Abijit; Kuilboer, Jean-Pierre (2002). And e-Commerce Infrastructure. • Frieden, Jonathan D.; Roche, Sean Patrick (19 December 2006). • Graham, Mark (2008). Geography Compass. • Humeau, Philippe; Jung, Matthieu (21 June 2013). • Kessler, M (22 December 2003),, USA today, retrieved 13 January 2004. • Lowry, Paul Benjamin; Wells, Taylor; Moody, Gregory D.; Humpherys, Sean; and Kettles, Degan (2006). ',' Communications of the Association for Information Systems, vol. 17(6), pp. 1–48 (). • Kotler, Philip (2009). Marketing Management. Pearson: Prentice-Hall.. • Miller, Roger (2002). The Legal and E-Commerce Environment Today (hardcover ed.). Thomson Learning.. • Nissanoff, Daniel (2006). FutureShop: How the New Auction Culture Will Revolutionize the Way We Buy, Sell and Get the Things We Really Want (hardcover ed.). The Penguin Press.. • Seybold, Pat (2001). Crown Business Books (Random House).. External links [ ]. GETTY STOCK New shake-up for Lotto draw as sales plunge Controversial changes to the game have made the chances of landing the jackpot shrink, leading to criticism from players across the country and dwindling ticket sales. The beleaguered operator signalled further alterations to Lotto were now in the offing on the back of what it admitted was “feedback from players”. Announcing the appointment of Nigel Railton as its new permanent chief executive, Camelot explained that it was testing a number of options for changes next year to the game. Nov 25, 2017 - 5 minPopular right now Lotto lördag 16 december. 05:00 Lotto Lotto lördag 16. Lotto Men's Tennis shoes at a great price.: Viper Ultra, Stratosphere II, Esosphere & more. Official Partner of the ATP & WTA. Lotto tennis challenge free download - Virtua Tennis Challenge, Virtua Tennis Challenge, Tennis Quiz Challenge, and many more programs. 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